Test Bank For Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas, 7th Edition

Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Test Bank Chapter 2: World War I: World on Fire Multiple Choice 1. In what city was Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, assassinated in 1914? a. Berlin, Germany b. Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Austria c. Moscow, Russia d. Podgorica, Montenegro Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What were the “Willy-Nicky” telegrams? a. an exchange between diplomats during World War I b. an exchange between spies during World War I c. an exchange between the German Kaiser and Russian czar prior to World War I d. an exchange between the British king and the German Kaiser prior to World War I Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In which country did Russia have vital interests at stake and thus pledge to aid in the event of war? a. Austria-Hungary b. Italy c. Germany d. Serbia Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What customs union created by Prussia in the 1830s contributed to the rise of German power through the lowering trade barriers that sparked rapid industrial development? a. Zollverein b. Blitzkrieg c. Schlieffen Plan d. Entente Cordiale Answer: A Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Rise of German Power Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What term refers to Germany’s mobilization plan that called for an attack on France first by way of Belgium followed by an attack on Russia? a. Cult of the Offensive b. Zollverein c. Schlieffen Plan d. Blitzkrieg Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which type of war might a country consider if it fears that the growth of power in another country may enable that country to attack it in the future? a. preventive war b. cold war c. preemptive war d. war of attrition Answer: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Future Balances and Preventive War Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The argument that power politics among German landowners, industrialists, and the military drove German aggression operates at the ______ level of analysis. a. individual b. domestic c. foreign policy d. systemic Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cartelized Domestic Politics and German Aggression Difficulty Level: Medium 8. An argument from the power transition school of realist theory may stress the decline of which hegemon in the early twentieth century as making World War I possible? a. Bulgaria b. Great Britain c. Turkey d. Germany Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Power Transition and Hegemonic Decline Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Arguing that German aggression was caused by “logrolling” coalitions among various elite groups, each of which had an independent interest in war or expansion, is an example of an argument from the ______ level of analysis. a. individual b. domestic c. foreign policy d. systemic Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cartelized Domestic Politics and German Aggression Difficulty Level: Medium 10. That Kaiser Wilhelm II’s clumsy diplomacy caused both the naval competition between Germany and Great Britain and the military provocation of France and Russia is an example of which argument? a. realist perspective b. liberal perspective c. individualist perspective d. neorealist perspective Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Clumsy Diplomacy: Wilhelm II Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Which two great powers confronted each other (although without going to war) during the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 and the two Balkan Wars in 1912–1913 and 1913? a. Great Britain and France b. Germany and Russia c. Austria-Hungary and Russia d. Russia and Serbia Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Secret Diplomacy: Bismarck Difficulty Level: Easy 12. What is the “blank check” that Germany gave to Austria-Hungary in early July 1914? a. Germany committed to backing Austria-Hungary’s moves against Serbia, whatever they may be. b. Germany committed to giving Austria-Hungary colonial territories in Asia and Africa. c. Germany committed to giving Austria-Hungary territory conquered from Russia and Turkey. d. Germany committed to staying out of a war among great powers. Answer: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Misperceptions and Mobilization Plans Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Why did the United States enter World War I? a. The United States pledged to aid its ally Great Britain should it enter any war. b. Germany’s policy of unlimited submarine warfare contributed to the sinking of the American ship Lusitania. c. The United States perceived Germany as a threat to its naval superiority. d. The United States was bound by treaties to protect France in case of attack. Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Weak Domestic Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy 14. During World War I, which U.S. president championed worldviews that emphasized open markets, the rule of law, and collective (rather than national) security? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. William Howard Taft c. Warren G. Harding d. Woodrow Wilson Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Why did Norman Angell, in a famous book written before World War I, argue that war is a “great illusion”? a. All people share the same core values, and therefore, they should not fight. b. A conspiracy of world leaders is responsible for creating wars for their own profit. c. The costs of war include cutting off lucrative commercial and financial ties, making the costs of war higher than any benefits that might be gained. d. War is a product of imperial competition, which is the “last stage of capitalism.” Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The ______ nationalism focuses on cultural and racial differences and advocates an aggressive, heroic approach to international relations. a. hyper b. militant c. liberal d. socialist Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identity Explanations Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Socialist nationalism primarily stresses which of the following ideas? a. international cooperation b. social and economic equality c. the dominance of one race over another d. military dominance Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Who believed that World War I was a product of the struggle for markets among capitalist countries? a. Kaiser Wilhelm II b. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin c. Karl Marx d. Woodrow Wilson Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which of the following was not a consequence of German unification? a. a change in the balance of power because Germany was a strong new great power b. a change in the security dilemma because Germany was geographically vulnerable c. a link between the rivalries of France and Great Britain in the west and Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and Russia in the east d. the decline of France as a hegemon on the European continent Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Medium 20. According to the liberal perspective, which of the following factors did not contribute to diplomacy’s ability to prevent World War I? a. Germany expected that Great Britain would remain neutral in the conflict. b. Military mobilization plans called for an automatic escalation to war. c. Civilian institutions in various states broke down. d. Germany sought to ease the security dilemma by arming itself against invasion. Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Misperceptions and Mobilization Plans Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The Concert of Europe, created in the early 1800s, was primarily ______. Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. a trade alliance between Germany and Italy b. a multilateral and open system for settling disputes c. a German plan for war against France and Russia d. one of several ideologies that promoted nationalism Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Easy 22. The liberal argument that World War I occurred because interactions among the great powers broke down highlights the importance of which concept from game theory? a. zero-sum gains b. the last move c. equilibrium d. power balance Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Last Move Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The iron–rye coalition that ran the German government gets its name from what two elite groups? a. landed agricultural interests and industrial leaders b. landed agricultural interests and military leaders c. the clergy and military leaders d. military leaders and socialist democrats Answer: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Weak Domestic Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy 24. What is the focus of liberal nationalism? a. cultural and racial differences and an aggressive, heroic approach to international relations b. political ideologies and wider participation in the rule of law in both domestic and international politics c. greater economic equality and social justice, especially in class and colonial relationships d. the preservation and promotion of cultural superiority through political and military struggle Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 25. Who wrote Idea for a Universal History and Perpetual Peace and argued that democracy would spread and lead to a federation of peaceful states? a. Frederick Engels b. William Gladstone c. Norman Angell d. Immanuel Kant Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Liberal Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy 26. According to historians, German power peaked in 1905, yet it did not launch a war until 1914. What may explain this delay? a. Germany did not secure alliances to help in the war effort before 1914. b. Germany did not complete its naval program until 1914, which was needed to deter Great Britain. c. Germany was in intense diplomatic relations with the United States, which urged it not to go to war. d. Germany did not believe that Russia was a great enough threat until its production of military equipment ramped up in the early 1910s. Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer location: Future Balances and Preventive War Difficulty Level: Medium 27. According to the realist perspective, what type of war did the encirclement of Germany lead Germany to consider? a. preventive war b. preemptive war c. nuclear war d. defensive war Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 28. What were the two alliances that formed before World War I? a. the Iron-Rye Coalition and the Second International b. the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance c. the Axis and the Allies d. the Concert of Europe and the Entente Cordiale Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer location: Power Balancing: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 29. The argument that German unification significantly altered the balance of power in Europe operates at the______ level of analysis? a. individual b. domestic c. foreign policy d. systemic Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Power Balancing: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Difficulty Level: Medium 30. According to the realist perspective, which of the following developments most contributed to the insecurity of European states before World War I? a. the weakening of domestic institutions in the Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires b. the clumsy diplomacy of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany c. the unification of Germany in 1871 d. the spread of militant nationalism Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Realist Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 31. To argue that Germany was insecure because it was located in the vulnerable northern plains of Europe is to argue for the importance of ______. a. power balances b. offensive realism c. global governance d. geopolitics Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 32. World War I began when ______. a. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia b. Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary c. Germany declared war on Poland d. France declared war on Germany Answer: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 33. According to an argument from the liberal perspective, what caused both the naval competition between Germany and Great Britain and the military provocation of France and Russia? a. Czar Nicholas II’s secret diplomacy b. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s clumsy diplomacy c. The declining hegemony of Great Britain d. Shared values between Germany and Serbia Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Clumsy Diplomacy: Wilhelm II Difficulty Level: Medium 34. According to the liberal perspective, the argument that the iron and rye coalition in the German government that excluded the growing working class and its socialist leaders who held the majority in the Reichstag is an argument from the ______ level of analysis. a. individual b. domestic c. foreign policy d. structural Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Weak Domestic Institutions Difficulty Level: Medium 35. According to the identity perspective, which of the following developments led to increased military competition before World War I? a. the unification of Germany b. the decline of British hegemony c. the spread of Social Darwinism d. the decline of the Concert of Europe Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 36. According to the realist perspective, why was Germany more threatening to Great Britain than the United States when both Germany and the United States were gaining wealth and expanding their navies? a. Great Britain shared a common culture with the United States but not with Germany. b. Great Britain had close diplomatic ties with the United States but not with Germany. c. Germany, compared to the United States, was geographically closer to Great Britain. d. Germany had aggressive intentions toward Great Britain while the United States did not. Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer location: Power Balancing: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The ______ preserved peace among the great powers throughout the nineteenth century by creating a more multilateral and open system for settling disputes. a. European Union b. League of Nations c. United Nations d. Concert of Europe Answer: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 38. According to the identity perspective, ______ nationalism focused on cultural and racial differences and advocated an aggressive, heroic approach to international relations. a. militant b. socialist c. racist d. realist Answer: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Militant and Racist Nationalism Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The widespread belief among the European military establishment that offensive strategies would hold the advantage in the next war was called ______. a. the cult of the offended b. advantage of preemptive war c. the cult of the offensive d. advantage of preventative war Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Militant and Racist Nationalism Difficulty Level: Medium 40. That the unification of Germany in 1871 as a central power threatened neighboring countries that then allied against Germany, which in turn made Germany feel even more threatened, is an example of which concept? a. collective security b. security dilemma c. reciprocity d. power transition Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Application Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Medium 41. The argument that Germany was able to survive (while Poland was not) because Germany could convert wealth into military power (and Poland could not) is an argument from the ______ level of analysis. a. international b. domestic c. foreign policy d. systemic Answer: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cartelized Domestic Politics and German Aggression Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Germany’s domestic ability to convert resources into power affects the balance of power at the ______ level of analysis. a. individual b. foreign policy c. systemic structural d. systemic process Answer: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Rise of German Power Difficulty Level: Medium Multiple Response 1. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are factors that are typically stressed by the liberal or identity perspectives but are sometimes added to realist arguments to explain outcomes? a. cognitive factors b. material factors c. economic factors d. bureaucratic factors Ans: A, D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 2. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the liberal perspective, which of the following factors made diplomacy less likely to prevent World War I? a. Germany expected that Great Britain would remain neutral in the conflict. b. Military mobilization plans called for an automatic escalation to war. c. Civilian institutions in various states broke down. d. Germany sought to ease the security dilemma by arming itself against invasion. Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A, B, C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Misperceptions and Mobilization Plans Difficulty Level: Medium 3. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the liberal perspective, which of the following factors at the systemic process level of analysis caused World War I? a. emotionally unstable leaders b. automatic mobilization plans c. growing but insufficient trade, social, and legal interdependence d. the spread of militarism Ans: B, C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Medium 4. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the identity perspective, what factors at the domestic level of analysis caused World War I? a. the rise of hypernationalism in Germany that stressed racial superiority and militarism b. the alliance of democracies precipitated by the development of liberal nationalism in the United States and Great Britain c. divisions between Congress and the presidency in the United States, which delayed the country’s entry into the war d. cartelized German domestic interests that made Germany act aggressively Ans: A, B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 5. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following realist perspectives explains the breakdown of the balance of power between the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance, leading to the start of war in 1914? a. Some realists argue that Germany launched a preventive war against Russia to maintain its position of power. b. Some realists argue that the cartelized domestic politics in Germany resulted in overexpansion, which alienated the country’s immediate neighbors. c. Some realists argue that war was a result of the decline of Great Britain as a hegemon, leading to a multipolar scramble to decide which country would be the next hegemon. d. Some realists argue that the collapse of the Concert of Europe conference system led states to develop a rigid unipolar system to compensate for the lack of institutional direction. Ans: A, C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the liberal perspective, which of the following factors at the systemic process level of analysis caused World War I? a. Emotionally unstable leaders b. Automatic mobilization plans c. Growing but insufficient trade, social, and legal interdependence d. The spread of militarism Ans: B, C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Medium 7. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to the identity perspective, what factors at the domestic level of analysis caused World War I? a. the rise of hypernationalism in Germany that stressed racial superiority and militarism b. the alliance of democracies precipitated by the development of liberal nationalism in the United States and Great Britain c. divisions between Congress and the presidency in the United States, which delayed the country’s entry into the war d. cartelized German domestic interests that made Germany act aggressively Ans: A, B Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 8. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are factors that are typically stressed by the liberal or identity perspectives but are sometimes added to realist arguments to explain outcomes? a. cognitive factors b. material factors c. economic factors d. bureaucratic factors Ans: A, D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 9. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following was a consequence of German unification? a. a change in the balance of power because Germany was a strong new great power b. a change in the security dilemma because Germany was geographically vulnerable c. a link between the rivalries of France and Great Britain in the west and Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and Russia in the east d. the decline of France as a hegemon on the European continent Ans: A, B, C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. The identity perspective emphasizes the weakness of common institutions initiated by the Hague Conferences and the collapse of the Concert of Europe conference system as causes of World War I. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Medium 1. Austria-Hungary considered Germany responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and declared war on July 28, 1914. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The identity perspective views the French Revolution as a key event in the timeline leading to World War I, as it influenced the rise of nationalism. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The Zollverein was a military alliance system led by Germany. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Rise of German Power Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Otto von Bismarck’s skillful diplomacy prevented other great powers from aligning against Germany until after he left office. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Power Balancing: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The Entente Cordiale between Great Britain and France became the Triple Entente with the addition of the United States as an ally. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Power Balancing: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The realist perspective would not argue that the United States and Great Britain became allies because they shared similar cultural and political systems. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Power Balancing: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance Difficulty Level: Medium 8. According to some realists, the multipolar balance of power in Europe transitioned into a rigid bipolar balance, which eventually precipitated a preemptive war. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Preemptive war is an attack against a state that is preparing to attack you. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The realist perspective argues that bureaucratic and cognitive factors influence perceptions of the value of offensive and defensive technology and strategy. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 11. According to the power balance school of realism, the emergence of hegemony threatens stability because the rising power is seeking to challenge the status quo. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Power Transition and Hegemonic Decline Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to the liberal perspective, diplomacy failed to prevent war in 1914 in part because Germany mistakenly expected Great Britain to remain neutral. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The belief that war was “almost bound to come eventually” illustrates the concept of the last move in the prisoner’s dilemma, during which players come to believe they are playing the game for the last time. Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Last Move Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The identity perspective emphasizes the weakness of common institutions initiated by the Hague Conferences and the collapse of the Concert of Europe conference system as causes of World War I. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Militant nationalism focused on political ideologies and called for wider participation and the rule of law in both domestic and international politics. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The militarist mentality in Europe created the cult of the offensive, which led to the development of rapid mobilization plans and their interaction at the end of July 1914. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Militant and Racist Nationalism Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The iron and rye coalition was a liberal coalition that ran the German government consisting of agricultural, industrial, and socialist leaders. Ans: F Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Weak Domestic Institutions Difficulty Level: Medium 18. According to the liberal perspective, diplomacy failed to prevent war in 1914 in part because Germany mistakenly expected Great Britain to remain neutral. Ans: T Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. According to the realist perspective, the balance of power was disrupted by ______ in 1871. Ans: German unification Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Realist Explanations Difficulty Level: Easy 2. German unification was preceded by the formation of ______, which lowered barriers to trade and promoted rapid industrial development. Ans: the Zollverein Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Rise of German Power Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to the realist perspective, ______ tend to develop in a checkerboard pattern. An example is relations between France and Russia, Germany’s two neighbors. Ans: alliances Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Realist Explanation Difficulty Level: Medium 4. ______ called for a German attack on France first, by way of Belgium (bringing Great Britain into the war), followed by an attack on Russia. Ans: The Schlieffen Plan Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rigid Alliances and Preemptive War Difficulty Level: Medium 5. According to the ______ school of realism, the loss of hegemony threatens stability because the country in decline seeks to preserve the status quo and remain the hegemon. Ans. power transition Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Power Transition and Hegemonic Decline Difficulty Level: Medium 6. According to a realist argument at the domestic level of analysis, German politics was ______, or united among various elite groups, which supported German aggression. Ans: cartelized Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cartelized Domestic Politics and German Aggression Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The ______ preserved peace among the great powers throughout the nineteenth century by creating a more multilateral and open system for settling disputes. Ans: Concert of Europe Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. According to the liberal perspective, each diplomatic blunder narrowed the options for the next decision, which eventually led to the ______ of the prisoner’s dilemma, in which war seemed to be inevitable. Ans: last move Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Held in 1899 and 1907, ______ brought large and small states into the diplomatic process and reformed the rules and methods of diplomacy. Ans: the Hague Conferences Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Explanations Difficulty Level: Easy 10. According to the identity perspective, ______ focused on cultural and racial differences and advocated an aggressive, heroic approach to international relations. Ans: militant nationalism Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Militant and Racist Nationalism Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The ______ contributed to the rise of hypernationalism in Germany because it created a whole new arms industry that promoted and thrived on accelerating arms races. Ans: Industrial Revolution Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Darwinism Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The widespread belief among the European military establishment that offensive strategies would hold the advantage in the next war was called ______. Ans: the cult of the offensive Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Militant and Racist Nationalism Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The conferences of socialist parties held in 1907, 1910, and 1912 were part of an international socialist movement called ______. Ans: the Second International Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Socialist Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. ______ was a worldview that applied the concept of “survival of the fittest” to competition among people, societies, nations, and races. Ans: Social Darwinism Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Identity Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. According to the realist perspective, how did concerns over the balance of power lead to the start of World War I? Ans: Answers may vary. The unification of Germany in 1871 upset the balance of power in Europe; the territory of Germany had once been a buffer zone between Great Britain and France in the west and Russia, Austria, and Prussia in the east. As Germany increased its power so that it could be more secure, it provoked a security dilemma, and its neighbors, in turn, increased their own power to become more secure. One realist interpretation argues that Germany’s power and location made encirclement and confrontation inevitable; the security dilemma drove Germany and its neighbors to conclude alliances that became rigid and to plan for military mobilization. Eventually, Germany started a preemptive war. A second realist interpretation argues that Germany was afraid that Russia would surpass it in power around 1916–1917, and therefore; Germany launched a preventive war to prevent future Russian domination. A third realist interpretation argues that the decline of British hegemony allowed other states, like Germany, to challenge the existing order. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Realist Explanations Difficulty Level: Hard 2. According to the identity perspective, how did aggressive ideas influence international relations on the eve of World War I? Ans: Answers may vary. While various forms of nationalism established the relative identities of states, the shared identity of Social Darwinism encouraged struggle among ethnicities and races. Three types of nationalism prevailed before World War I: militant and racist nationalism, which focused on cultural and racial differences and endorsed an aggressive approach to politics; liberal nationalism, which emphasized individual rights, fundamental human rights, and the rule of law; and socialist nationalism, which focused on the economic and social equality of individuals and advocated that state institutions restrict economic freedoms and redistribute wealth. Each of these established a different identity for each state. In addition, the worldview of Social Darwinism applied the concept of “the survival of the fittest” to politics among ethnicities and races, leading to the glorification of struggle among states. Two of the effects of these ideologies are the cult of the offensive (or the idealization of offensive military doctrine) and hypernationalism (or the combination of culture and race in an effort to bolster national cohesion). Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Identity Explanations Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard 3. According to the realist perspective, how did German unification in 1871 disrupt the balance of power? Ans: Answers may vary. German unification brought together a number of smaller states that had existed in the center of Europe for centuries. Those small states had functioned as a buffer zone between two sets of great power rivals—Great Britain and France in the west and Russia, Austria, and Prussia in the east. As a result, the interests of eastern and western great powers remained separate. With German unification, it became more likely that a conflict in one part of Europe would spread and involve all of the great powers. In addition, Germany—being surrounded—was insecure, and when it built up its power to become more secure, it provoked a security dilemma, leading other states to build up their own power. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Realist Explanations Difficulty Level: Hard 4. According to the liberal perspective, why did diplomacy fail to prevent war in 1914? Ans: Answers may vary. First, Germany expected Great Britain to remain neutral in 1914 as it had in previous crises. However, Great Britain signaled its support for Russia, a key ally under the Triple Entente, should war break out. Second, rapid mobilization plans, such as Germany’s Schlieffen Plan, called for automatic escalation to war. These policies, which relied on precise timetables and complex movements of troops, overrode any diplomatic efforts. Third, civilian institutions in various countries broke down, which contributed to a last-move situation in which the only choice remaining was to go to war. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Europe in 1914 Difficulty Level: Hard 5. According to Norman Angell, why was war a “great illusion”? Ans: Answers may vary. Norman Angell argues that the benefits of war were much lower than the costs since war involved cutting lucrative commercial and financial ties with other states. Merchants and bankers benefitted from international interdependence and called for peaceful resolutions to disputes. Angell argued that war was obsolete, and diplomacy was a better way to resolve disputes. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Insufficient Interdependence: Trade and the Hague Conferences Difficulty Level: Hard 6. What is Social Darwinism? Ans: Answers may vary. Social Darwinism is a shared identity (or worldview) that developed at the end of the nineteenth century. It applied the concept of “the survival of the fittest” to politics among individuals, groups, and states. States and state leaders began to view themselves and others in terms of ethnicity or race, which were both considered “biological” concepts, and they glorified struggle against other groups. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Nau, Perspectives on International Relations, 7e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Social Darwinism Difficulty Level: Medium