21) Assume that water filling a crack in a rock

21) Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statement is TRUE? A) Water shrinks as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be drawn closer together. B) Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart. C).

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21) Which one of the following statements about the crust

21) Which one of the following statements about the crust is NOT true? A) Continental rocks are compositionally different than oceanic rocks. B) It is thickest where prominent mountains exist. C) It is the thinnest of the major subdivisions. D) Oceanic crust is enriched in potassium, sodium, and silicon. 22) The Mercalli Scale is a.

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6) Which of the following sedimentary features would typically be

6) Which of the following sedimentary features would typically be found in shales but not in sandstones? A) bedding B) mud cracks C) cross stratification D) ripple marks 7) Which one of the following is not a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite? A) shale B) bedded gypsum C) oolitic limestone D) cherty dolostone 8) ________ is.

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62) Based the examples and discussion in chapter 6, what

62) Based on the examples and discussion in chapter 6, what is the relationship of climate to weathering, both chemical and mechanical? Also, are certain climates more susceptible to certain types of weathering? Why or why not? 63) How do weathering and the development of soils influence the topography and landforms.

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11) The distance between a seismological recording station and the

11) The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the ________. A) arrival times of P and S waves B) length of the seismic record C) intensity of the earthquake D) earthquake magnitude 12) Which one of the following statements is correct? A) S waves travel through solids.

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46) The sedimentary rocks, salt and gypsum, deposited by what

46) The sedimentary rocks, salt and gypsum, are deposited by what process? 47) Which property of sediment describes the range of different grain sizes in a detrital sedimentary rock? 48) ________ is composed mainly of lithified, organic debris that accumulated in ancient, heavily forested swamps. 49) What is the general name for microcrystalline.

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56) Is the texture of a metamorphic rock always indicative

56) Is the texture of a metamorphic rock always indicative of the conditions (degree of metamorphism) under which it formed? (Hint: Think about the protolith and how it may influence the resulting metamorphic rock.) Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 8.

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 29) Under most weathering conditions, which mineral component of granites and rhyolites would be most resistant to decomposition? Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority.

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30) What type of sedimentary rock typically metamorphosed to form

30) What type of sedimentary rock is typically metamorphosed to form slates or phyllites? 31) What metamorphic rock forms by intense ductile deformation along fault zones at depth in the Earth? Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose.

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16) A graywacke ________. A) a sandstone with the sand grains

16) A graywacke is ________. A) a sandstone with the sand grains embedded in a clay-rich matrix B) a dark, organic-rich, chemical sedimentary rock containing small crystals of halite C) a dark-gray, calcite-rich mudstone or shale containing pyrite D) a limestone with abundant, sand-sized, quartz grains 17) Which of the following is not a type.

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11) Which one of the following statements best describes erosion? A)

11) Which one of the following statements best describes erosion? A) Erosion is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at the surface. B) Erosion is the process by which weathered rock and mineral particles are removed from one area and transported elsewhere. C) Erosion is the movement of weathered rock and.

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36) The ________ the site of initial rupturing associated with

36) The ________ is the site of initial rupturing associated with an earthquake. 37) What is thought to be the material state (liquid, solid, gas) and elemental composition of Earth's outer core? Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases..

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 31) a. Modified Mercalli b. energy c..

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or a

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 6 to answer the questions below. 59) Fill in the blanks on the diagram below with the names of the soil.

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21) Which of the following sedimentary features can each be

21) Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions? A) fossils and mud cracks B) grain size sorting and ripple marks C) mud cracks and ripple marks D) ripple marks and cross stratification 22) ________ is not a common cementing agent for sandstones. A) Quartz B) Fluorite C).

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Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question

Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 38) a. chert b. flint c. gypsum d. agate 39) Sandstones are lithified mainly by cementation. What is the major process involved in.

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26) ________ have the highest velocities. A) Primary waves B) Secondary

26) ________ have the highest velocities. A) Primary waves B) Secondary waves C) Refracted S waves D) Surface waves 27) The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by ________. A) intensity and duration of the vibrations B) design of structures C) nature of the surface material D) all of these 28) The record.

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16) Which of the following statements concerning oxisol soils generally

16) Which of the following statements concerning oxisol soils is generally NOT true? A) They remain highly productive agriculturally without additions of fertilizers. B) They are mainly red in color. C) They consist of only the most insoluble, soil-forming minerals. D) They form in warm, moist, tropical climates. 17) Which one of the following statements.

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 33) a. lithification b. cementation c. weathering.

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26) Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, why would basalt

26) Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, why would basalt and gabbro generally have higher chemical weathering rates than rhyolite and granite? A) The potassium feldspars and quartz in the rhyolite and granite are more susceptible to cracking by frost wedging. B) The ferromagnesian minerals in the gabbro and basalt are subject.

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41) ________ the cool, brittle, outer layer of Earth that

41) ________ is the cool, brittle, outer layer of Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle. Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 42) a. P wave b. S.

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11) Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect

11) Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams? A) mudstone B) greywacke C) conglomerate D) oolitic limestone 12) Detrital grains of which mineral(s) are extremely rare in detrital sediments? Why? A) Feldspars; they occur only in granites. B) Calcite; it is soft and relatively.

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or a

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 7 to answer the questions below. 68) Fossils often provide valuable information about climatic conditions of the geologic past. How else.

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TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement true and 'F' if

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 38) At high pressures and elevated temperatures of regional metamorphism, silicate rocks are more resistant to flowage and deformation than at low temperatures and pressures. 39) Metamorphic rocks formed during episodes of mountain building typically show textural.

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Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question

Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 42) a. limestone b. chert c. coquina d. travertine 43) What is the most characteristic, original, depositional feature preserved in sedimentary rocks? 44) What.

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the sediment with the appropriate rock name. 64) conglomerate 65) shale 66) mudstone 67) sandstone A) sand B) gravel C) clay and fine silt D) all clay sediment     .

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1) Major earthquakes often followed by somewhat smaller events known

1) Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as ________. A) hyposhocks B) tremors C) foreshocks D) aftershocks 2) P waves ________. A) have higher amplitudes than do S waves B) produce the strongest ground shaking C) propagate only in solids D) are faster than S waves and surface waves 3) The average composition.

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or a

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in chapter 9 to answer the questions below. 57) Since much of our knowledge of Earth's interior is inferred from the behavior of.

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36) Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, California, and Stone

36) Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, California, and Stone Mountain in Georgia, are shaped mainly by what mechanical weathering process? Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 37) a..

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6) Amphibolite a foliated metamorphic rock composed principally of hornblende

6) Amphibolite is a foliated metamorphic rock composed principally of hornblende and plagioclase. It forms ________. A) by regional metamorphism of volcanic rocks such as basalt B) by contact metamorphism of sandstone along the contact with a granitic batholith C) by gouging and crushing of limestone along a fault D) by the impact of.

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MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the rock with the appropriate description. 49) coarse-grained, metamorphic rock with alternating bands or stringers of light and dark minerals 50) foliated, fine-grained metamorphic rock formed from mudstone and shale 51) nonfoliated metamorphic rock consisting mostly of.

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55) A feldspar-rich sandstone called an arkose. 56) Graywacke sandstones typically

55) A feldspar-rich sandstone is called an arkose. 56) Graywacke sandstones are typically better sorted than sandstones lithified from ancient beach sands. 57) The chemical sedimentary rock, conglomerate, is composed of gravel-size, rounded, calcite oolites. 58) Peat is thought to be the original material from which coals are formed. 59) Many limestones are of.

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6) Which of the following best describes the "Dust Bowl"? A)

6) Which of the following best describes the "Dust Bowl"? A) the area covered by volcanic ash around Mt. Pinatubo, 19 B) a New Year's Day invitational soccer match in Tripoli, Libya C) areas of severe wind erosion on the Great Plains, 1930s D) the long drought preceding the Irish potato famine of the.

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21) What foliated, metamorphic rock texturally intermediate between slate and

21) What foliated, metamorphic rock is texturally intermediate between slate and schist? A) fault breccia B) gneiss C) quartzite D) phyllite 22) In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? A) at shallow depths below an oceanic ridge or rift zone B) at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding C).

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51) Earthquakes result from the sudden release of elastic strain

51) Earthquakes result from the sudden release of elastic strain energy previously stored in rocks surrounding a zone of fault movement. 52) The crust, mantle, and outer core are solid. 53) The mantle is composed mainly of metallic iron with small amounts of magnesium silicate minerals. 54) The Mercalli earthquake magnitude scale is.

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TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement true and 'F' if

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 50) Detrital sedimentary rocks have clastic textures. 51) Chalk, coquina, and ancient coral reefs are primarily composed of microcrystalline quartz. 52) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to clastic particle size; chemical sedimentary rocks are named according to.

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11) During metamorphism, what the major effect of chemically active

11) During metamorphism, what is the major effect of chemically active fluids? A) They aid in the movement of dissolved silicate constituents and facilitate growth of the mineral grains. B) They increase the pressures in deeply buried, regional-metamorphic zones. C) They prevent partial melting so solid rocks can undergo very high temperature regional.

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or a

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 53) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in diagram B above? 54) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in diagram A above? Critical thinking and discussion questions. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented.

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16) What the major source of heat for contact metamorphism? A)

16) What is the major source of heat for contact metamorphism? A) heat from the spontaneous decomposition of micas and feldspars B) deep burial and heat from the Earth's interior C) heat from grinding and shearing on faults D) heat from a nearby magma body 17) Which of the following best describes the conditions of.

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26) ________ sandstone contains abundant feldspar, suggesting that the sand

26) ________ sandstone contains abundant feldspar, suggesting that the sand was derived by weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock. A) Lignitic B) Quartz-rich C) Oolitic D) Arkosic 27) Coal beds originate in ________. A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region B) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs C) channels of fast-moving streams D) deep,.

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1) Which of the following environments would exhibit sheared and

1) Which of the following environments would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks? A) regional metamorphism of pyroclastic volcanic rocks B) intense compression in a deep-seated, regional metamorphic zone C) fault movements at shallow depths D) heating of shales and mudstones near a pluton 2) What major change occurs during metamorphism of limestone to marble? A).

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53) Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when

53) Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes. 54) Feldspars commonly decompose during weathering to clay minerals, silica, and soluble constituents. 55) Sheeting is mainly a process of mechanical weathering. 56) Ferromagnesian minerals (like olivine and pyroxene) that crystallize at high temperatures in Bowen's reaction series are generally much.

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60) The mineral dolomite, which the major mineral of the

60) The mineral dolomite, which is the major mineral of the sedimentary rock dolostone, is a carbonate of calcium and magnesium. 61) Clastic particles in a sedimentary breccia are rounded and are about the same size as fine-grained sand. 62) Boulder conglomerates suggest deposition by strong winds in a desert. 63) Water is.

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6) The instrument that records earthquake events termed a ________. A)

6) The instrument that records earthquake events is termed a ________. A) polygraph B) seismograph C) barograph D) thermograph 7) Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive. A) S wave B) tsunami C) surface wave D) P wave 8) ________ is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale. A) XII.

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70) Considering the factors that influence the formation of sedimentary

70) Considering the factors that influence the formation of sedimentary rocks, how might sedimentary rocks be different on another planet such as Mars or Venus? What about similarities? 71) The study of depositional environments in sedimentary rocks is critical to understanding Earth's history. What features or characteristics of sedimentary rocks are.

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42) Slate and schist both derived by metamorphism of shales

42) Slate and schist are both derived by metamorphism of shales and mudstones. 43) Hornfels are metamorphic rocks produced at great depths and high temperatures associated with regional metamorphism. 44) High-grade, regional metamorphism produces significant and recognizable changes in the textures and mineral compositions of rocks. 45) Calcite is the main mineral constituent.

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 25) Which type of metamorphism occurs specifically in the heated zone around a pluton or other body of magma? 26) What strongly banded, metamorphic rocks show good evidence for having formed by partial melting? Word Analysis. Examine.

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16) The lithosphere defined as ________. A) a rigid layer of

16) The lithosphere is defined as ________. A) a rigid layer of crustal and mantle material B) a rocky layer composed mainly of crustal rocks C) a plastic layer composed mainly of mantle material D) a rocky layer having a relatively uniform chemical composition 17) The dense core of Earth is thought to consist predominantly.

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TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement true and 'F' if

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 46) Continental crust is generally thicker than oceanic crust. 47) S waves can travel through solid and liquid media. 48) The time between the first P-wave and S-wave arrivals is a measure of the distance from a receiving.

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1) What the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral

1) What is the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral in dolostones? A) SiO2 B) CaSO4 · 2H2O C) CaMg(CO3)2 D) NaCl 2) What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks? A) sizes of the sand grains B) bedding or stratification C) compaction of the mud and clay.

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