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3.Consider a U.S. firm’s production of automobiles, including research and

3.Consider a U.S. firm’s production of automobiles, including research and development and component production. a.Starting from a no-trade equilibrium in a PPF diagram, illustrate the gains from offshoring if the United States has comparative advantage in component production. research and development. Illustrate this change on your diagram and state the implications for.

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3.Consider a U.S. firm’s production of automobiles, including research and

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8.Why do some low-wage countries, such as China, pose a

8.Why do some low-wage countries, such as China, pose a threat to manufacturers in industrial countries, such as the United States, whereas other low-wage countries, such as Haiti, do not? .

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8.Why do some low-wage countries, such as China, pose a

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1.Consider an offshoring model in which the labor hours of

1.Consider an offshoring model in which the labor hours of four activities in the United States and Mexico are as follows: Hours of Labor Used in Each Activity (Per Un it of Output) AssemblyComponent ProductionOffice ServicesR&D Low-skilled laborMexico: 20Mexico: 12Mexico: 8Mexico: 4 U.S.: 5U.S.: 3U.S.: 2U.S.: 1 High-skilled laborMexico: 4Mexico: 4Mexico: 8Mexico: 40 U.S.: 1U.S.: 1U.S.:.

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1.Consider an offshoring model in which the labor hours of

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10.a. Using Figure 2-5, show that an increase in the

10.a. Using Figure 2-5, show that an increase in the relative price of wheat from its b.Using Figure 2-6, show that an increase in the relative price of wheat from its world relative price of 2/3 will lower Foreign’s utility. What is Foreign’s utility when the world relative price reaches 1,.

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10.a. Using Figure 2-5, show that an increase in the

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2.Consider an offshoring model in which Home’s high-skilled labor has

2.Consider an offshoring model in which Home’s high-skilled labor has a higher relative wage than Foreign’s high-skilled labor and in which the costs of capital and trade are uniform across production activities. a.Will Home’s offshored production activities be high or low on the value chain for a given product? That is,.

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2.Consider an offshoring model in which Home’s high-skilled labor has

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8.Continuing from Problem 7, we now use the factor price

8.Continuing from Problem 7, we now use the factor price insensitivity result to compare factor prices across countries in the Heckscher-Ohlin model. a.Illustrate the international trade equilibrium on the Home and Foreign production possibility frontiers. Hint: You can refer back to Figure 4-3 to see the international trade equilibrium. b.Suppose that the.

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8.Continuing from Problem 7, we now use the factor price

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9.Suppose two countries, Canada and Mexico, produce two goods: timber

9.Suppose two countries, Canada and Mexico, produce two goods: timber and televisions. Assume that land is specific to timber, capital is specific to televisions, and labor is free to move between the two industries. When Canada and Mexico engage in free trade, the relative price of televisions falls in Canada.

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9.Suppose two countries, Canada and Mexico, produce two goods: timber

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5.Now suppose the world relative price of cars PC/PTV 5

5.Now suppose the world relative price of cars is PC/PTV 5 1. a.In what good will each country specialize? Briefly explain why. b.Graph the new world price line for each country in the figures in Problem 4 and add a new indifference curve (U2) for each country in the trade equilibrium. Answer:.

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5.Now suppose the world relative price of cars PC/PTV 5

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1.In the short-run specific-factors model, examine the impact a small

1.In the short-run specific-factors model, examine the impact on a small country following a natural disaster that decreases its population. Assume that land is specific to agriculture, capital is specific to manufacturing, and labor is free to move between the two sectors. a.In a diagram similar to Figure 5-2, determine the.

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1.In the short-run specific-factors model, examine the impact a small

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11.Similar to Home in Problem 10, Foreign also produces computers

11.Similar to Home in Problem 10, Foreign also produces computers and wheat using capital, which is specific to computers; land, which is specific to wheat; and labor, which is mobile between the two sectors. Foreign has 100 workers and 100 units of land, but only 10 units of capital. It.

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11.Similar to Home in Problem 10, Foreign also produces computers

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11.Figure 5-14 a supply-and-demand diagram for the world labor market.

11.Figure 5-14 is a supply-and-demand diagram for the world labor market. Starting at points A and A *, consider a situation where some Foreign workers migrate to Home, but not enough to reach the equilibrium with full migration (point B ). As a result of the migration, the Home wage.

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11.Figure 5-14 a supply-and-demand diagram for the world labor market.

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8.In the specific-factors model, assume that the price of agricultural

8.In the specific-factors model, assume that the price of agricultural goods de- creases while the price of manufactured goods is unchanged (DPA/PA , 0 and DPM/PM 5 0) . Arrange the following terms in ascending order : DRT/RT DRK/RK DPA/PA DPM/PM DW/W Hint: Try starting with a diagram such as Figure 3-5.

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8.In the specific-factors model, assume that the price of agricultural

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7.In this question, we use the Rybczynski theorem to review

7.In this question, we use the Rybczynski theorem to review the derivation of the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. a.Start at the no-trade equilibrium point A on the Home PPF in Figure 4-2, panel (a). Suppose that through immigration, the amount of labor in Home grows. Draw the new PPF, and label the point.

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7.In this question, we use the Rybczynski theorem to review

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10.In Table 5-2, we show the growth in the real

10.In Table 5-2, we show the growth in the real rental and real wages in Singapore, along with the implied productivity growth. One way to calculate the productivity growth is to take the average of the growth in the real rental and real wage. The idea is that firms can.

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10.In Table 5-2, we show the growth in the real

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4.Starting from equilibrium in the specific-factors model, suppose the price

4.Starting from equilibrium in the specific-factors model, suppose the price of manufactured goods falls so that wages fall from W9 to W in Figure 3-5. a.Show that the percentage fall in the wage is less than the percentage fall in the price of manufacturing, so that the real wage of labor.

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4.Starting from equilibrium in the specific-factors model, suppose the price

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4.In the short-run specific-factors model, consider a decrease in the

4.In the short-run specific-factors model, consider a decrease in the stock of land. For example, suppose a natural disaster decreases the quantity of arable land used for planting crops. a.Redraw panel (a) of Figure 5-11 starting from the initial equilibrium at point A. b.What is the effect of this change in land.

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4.In the short-run specific-factors model, consider a decrease in the

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5. Consider the model of a firm that produces

5. Consider the model of a firm that produces final goods using R&D and components as inputs, with cost data as follows: a.In which factor(s) is components intensive? In which factor(s) is research intensive? b.Suppose that due to the opening of trade, the relative price of R&D in- creases, D PR/PR.

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5. Consider the model of a firm that produces

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5.According to part A of Table 5-1, what education level

5.According to part A of Table 5-1, what education level loses most (that is, has the greatest decrease in wage) from immigration to the United States? Does this result depend on keeping the rental on capital constant? Explain why or why not. 6.Suppose that computers use 2 units of capital for.

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5.According to part A of Table 5-1, what education level

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5.Our derivation of the gravity equation from the monopolistic competition

5.Our derivation of the gravity equation from the monopolistic competition model used the following logic: (i)Each country produces many products. (ii)Each country demands all of the products that every other country produces. (iii)Thus, large countries demand more imports from other countries. The gravity equation relationship does not hold in the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Explain how.

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5.Our derivation of the gravity equation from the monopolistic competition

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6.Suppose when Russia opens to trade, it imports automobiles, a

6.Suppose when Russia opens to trade, it imports automobiles, a capital-intensive good. a.According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, is Russia capital-abundant or labor-abundant? Briefly explain. c.What is the impact of opening trade on the real rental on capital? d.Which group (capital owner or labor) would support policies to limit free trade? Briefly explain. .

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6.Suppose when Russia opens to trade, it imports automobiles, a

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1.This problem uses the Heckscher-Ohlin model to predict the direction

1.This problem uses the Heckscher-Ohlin model to predict the direction of trade. Consider the production of handmade rugs and assembly line robots in Canada and India. a.Which country would you expect to be relatively labor-abundant, and which is capital-abundant? Why? b.Which industry would you expect to be relatively labor-intensive, and which is capital-intensive?.

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1.This problem uses the Heckscher-Ohlin model to predict the direction

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7.In Figure 4-3, we show how the movement from the

7.In Figure 4-3, we show how the movement from the no-trade equilibrium point A to a trade equilibrium at a higher relative price of computers leads to an upward sloping export supply, from points A to D in panel (b). a.Suppose that the relative price of computers continues to rise in.

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7.In Figure 4-3, we show how the movement from the

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4.Using the information in the chapter, suppose Home doubles in

4.Using the information in the chapter, suppose Home doubles in size and Foreign remains the same. Show that an equal proportional increase in capital and labor at Home will change the relative price of computers, wage, rental on capital, and the amount traded but not the pattern of trade. .

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4.Using the information in the chapter, suppose Home doubles in

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2.How would your answer to Problem 1 change if instead

2.How would your answer to Problem 1 change if instead we use the long-run model, with shoes and computers produced using labor and capital? .

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2.How would your answer to Problem 1 change if instead

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10.Following data for soybean yield, production, and trade for 2010–2011: a.In

10.Following are data for soybean yield, production, and trade for 2010–2011: a.In which countries does land benefit from free trade in soybeans? Explain. b.In which countries does land lose from free trade in soybeans? Explain. c.In which countries does the move to free trade in soybeans have little or no effect on the.

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10.Following data for soybean yield, production, and trade for 2010–2011: a.In

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9.Recall the formula from the application, “The Effect of FDI

9.Recall the formula from the application, “The Effect of FDI on Rentals and Wages in Singapore.” Give an intuitive explanation for this formula for the rental rate. Hint: Describe one side of the equation as a marginal benefit and the other as a marginal cost. .

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9.Recall the formula from the application, “The Effect of FDI

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1.Explain how increasing returns to scale in production can be

1.Explain how increasing returns to scale in production can be a basis for trade. 2.Why is trade within a country greater than trade between countries? 3.Starting from the long-run equilibrium without trade in the monopolistic competition model, as illustrated in Figure 6-5, consider what happens when the Home country begins trading with.

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1.Explain how increasing returns to scale in production can be

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9.a. Of two products, rice and paintings, which product do

9.a. Of two products, rice and paintings, which product do you expect to have a higher index of intra-industry trade? Why? b. Access the U.S. TradeStats Express website at http://tse.export.gov/. Click on “National Trade Data” then “Global Patterns of U.S. Merchandise Trade.” Under the “Product” section, change the item to.

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9.a. Of two products, rice and paintings, which product do

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5.Using a diagram similar to Figure 4-12, show the effect

5.Using a diagram similar to Figure 4-12, show the effect of a decrease in the relative price of computers in Foreign. What happens to the wage relative to the rental? Is there an increase in the labor/capital ratio in each industry? Explain. .

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5.Using a diagram similar to Figure 4-12, show the effect

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8.On March 2, 2013, Tajikistan successfully negotiated terms to become

8.On March 2, 2013, Tajikistan successfully negotiated terms to become a member of the World Trade Organization. Consequently, countries such as those in western Europe are shifting toward free trade with Tajikistan. What does the Stolper-Samuelson theorem predict about the impact of the shift on the real wage of low-skilled.

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8.On March 2, 2013, Tajikistan successfully negotiated terms to become

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6.The United States, France, and Italy among the world’s largest

6.The United States, France, and Italy are among the world’s largest producers. To answer the following questions, assume that their markets are monopolistically competitive, and use the gravity equation with B 5 93 and n 5 1.25. GDP in 2012 ($bn)Distance from the United States (miles) France$ 2,7765,544 Italy2,1966,229 United States14,991— a.Using the gravity equation,.

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6.The United States, France, and Italy among the world’s largest

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9.a. Suppose that the number of workers doubles in Home.

9.a. Suppose that the number of workers doubles in Home. What happens to the b.Suppose that there is technological progress in the wheat industry such that Home can produce more wheat with the same amount of labor. What happens to the Home PPF, and what happens to the relative price.

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9.a. Suppose that the number of workers doubles in Home.

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5.Use the following information to answer the questions below: Manufacturing:Sales revenue

5.Use the following information to answer the questions below: Manufacturing:Sales revenue 5 PM ? QM 5 150 Payments to labor 5 W ? LM 5 100 Payments to capital 5 RK ? K 5 50 Agriculture:Sales revenue 5 PA ? QA 5 150 Payments to labor 5 W ? LA 5 50 Payments to land 5.

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5.Use the following information to answer the questions below: Manufacturing:Sales revenue

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6.If, instead of the situation given in Problem 5, the

6.If, instead of the situation given in Problem 5, the price of manufacturing were to fall by 10%, would landowners or capital owners be better off? Explain. How would the decrease in the price of manufacturing affect labor? Explain. .

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6.If, instead of the situation given in Problem 5, the

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4.Starting from the long-run trade equilibrium in the monopolistic competition

4.Starting from the long-run trade equilibrium in the monopolistic competition model, as illustrated in Figure 6-7, consider what happens when industry demand D increases. For instance, suppose that this is the market for cars and lower gasoline prices generate higher demand D. a.Redraw Figure 6-7 for the Home market and show.

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4.Starting from the long-run trade equilibrium in the monopolistic competition

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12.In the text, we learned that workers displaced by import

12.In the text, we learned that workers displaced by import competition are eligible for compensation through the Trade Adjustment Assistance program. Firms are also eligible for support through Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms, a federal program that provides financial assistance to manufacturers affected by import competition. Go to http://www.taacenters.org to.

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12.In the text, we learned that workers displaced by import

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3.Consider an increase in the supply of labor due to

3.Consider an increase in the supply of labor due to immigration, and use the long-run model. Figure 5-8 shows the box diagram and the leftward shift of the origin for the shoe industry. Redraw this diagram, but instead, shift to the right the origin for computers. That is, expand the.

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3.Consider an increase in the supply of labor due to

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7.What evidence there that Canada better off under the free-trade

7.What evidence is there that Canada is better off under the free-trade agreement with the United States? 8.In the section “Gains and Adjustment Costs for the United States under NAFTA,” we calculated the lost wages of workers displaced due to NAFTA. Prior experience in the manufacturing sector shows that about two-thirds.

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7.What evidence there that Canada better off under the free-trade

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7.Read the article by Lori G. Kletzer and Robert E.

7.Read the article by Lori G. Kletzer and Robert E. Litan, “A Prescription to Re lieve Worker Anxiety,” Policy Brief 01-2, (Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics), available online at http://www.iie.com/publications/pb/ pb.cfm?researchid=70, which refers to the U.S. recession of 2000 and 2001. Then answer the following: a.Under the most recent.

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7.Read the article by Lori G. Kletzer and Robert E.

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2.Leontief’s paradox an example of testing a trade model using

2.Leontief’s paradox is an example of testing a trade model using actual data observations. If Leontief had observed that the amount of labor needed per $1 million of U.S. exports was 100 person-years instead of 182, would he have reached the same conclusion? Explain. 3.Suppose that there are drastic technological improvements.

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2.Leontief’s paradox an example of testing a trade model using

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6.The diagram below shows what happened to the relative wage

6.The diagram below shows what happened to the relative wage and relative demand for skilled labor in the U.S. manufacturing sector during the 1990s. These points are plotted using the data from Figures 7-5 and 7-6. a.What must have happened to the demand and supply curves to explain this change in.

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6.The diagram below shows what happened to the relative wage

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4. Consider the model of a firm that produces

4. Consider the model of a firm that produces final goods using R&D and components as inputs, with cost data as follows: a.In which factor(s) is components intensive? In which factor(s) is R&D intensive? b.Suppose that due to the opening of trade, the price of components falls by D PC/PC 5.

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4. Consider the model of a firm that produces

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1.Why the specific-factors model referred to as a short-run model? 2.Figure

1.Why is the specific-factors model referred to as a short-run model? 2.Figure 3-7 presents wages in the manufacturing and services sectors for the period 1973 to 2012. Is the difference in wages across sectors consistent with either the Ricardian model studied in Chapter 2 or the specific-factors model? Explain why or.

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1.Why the specific-factors model referred to as a short-run model? 2.Figure

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12.A housekeeper from the Philippines contemplating immigrating to Singapore in

12.A housekeeper from the Philippines is contemplating immigrating to Singapore in search of higher wages. Suppose that the housekeeper earns approximately $2,000 annually and expects to find a job in Singapore worth approximately $5,000 annually for a period of 3 years. Furthermore, assume that the cost of living in Singapore.

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12.A housekeeper from the Philippines contemplating immigrating to Singapore in

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11.( a harder question.) Suppose that the Home country much

11.( This is a harder question.) Suppose that the Home country is much larger than the Foreign country. For example, suppose we double the number of workers at Home from 25 to 50. Then Home is willing to export up to 100 bushels of wheat at its no-trade price of.

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11.( a harder question.) Suppose that the Home country much

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11.According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, two countries can equalize wage

11.According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, two countries can equalize wage differences by either engaging in international trade in goods or allowing high-skilled and low-skilled labor to freely move between the two countries. Discuss whether this is true or false, and explain why. 12.According to the standard Heckscher-Ohlin model with two factors.

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11.According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, two countries can equalize wage

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12. Using the results from Problem 11, explain why the

12. Using the results from Problem 11, explain why the Ricardian model predicts that Mexico would gain more than the United States when the two countries signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, establishing free trade between them. .

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12. Using the results from Problem 11, explain why the

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10.Home produces two goods, computers and wheat, for which capital

10.Home produces two goods, computers and wheat, for which capital is specific to computers, land is specific to wheat, and labor is mobile between the two industries. Home has 100 workers and 100 units of capital but only 10 units of land. a.Draw a graph similar to Figure 3-1 with the.

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10.Home produces two goods, computers and wheat, for which capital

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7.a.What the marginal product of labor for TVs and cars

7.a.What is the marginal product of labor for TVs and cars in the Home country? What is the no-trade relative price of TVs at Home? b.What is the marginal product of labor for TVs and cars in the Foreign country? What is the no-trade relative price of TVs in Foreign? c.Suppose the.

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7.a.What the marginal product of labor for TVs and cars

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6. Answer the following question using the information given by

6. Answer the following question using the information given by the accompanying table. 6 2 8 Home/Foreign ratio 3 / 4 a. b. c. d. Complete the previous table in the same manner as Table 2-2. Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of bicycles? Which country has an absolute advantage in the production of snowboards? What is the.

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6. Answer the following question using the information given by

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Study Resources (Business Management)

3.Consider a U.S. firm’s production of automobiles, including research and

3.Consider a U.S. firm’s production of automobiles, including research and

8.Why do some low-wage countries, such as China, pose a

8.Why do some low-wage countries, such as China, pose a threat to manufacturers in industrial countries, such as the United States, whereas other low-wage countries, such as Haiti, do not? .

8.Why do some low-wage countries, such as China, pose a

1.Consider an offshoring model in which the labor hours of

1.Consider an offshoring model in which the labor hours of

10.a. Using Figure 2-5, show that an increase in the

10.a. Using Figure 2-5, show that an increase in the relative price of wheat from its b.Using Figure 2-6, show that an increase in the relative price of wheat from its world relative price of 2/3 will lower Foreign’s utility. What is Foreign’s utility when the world relative price reaches 1,.

10.a. Using Figure 2-5, show that an increase in the

2.Consider an offshoring model in which Home’s high-skilled labor has

2.Consider an offshoring model in which Home’s high-skilled labor has

8.Continuing from Problem 7, we now use the factor price

8.Continuing from Problem 7, we now use the factor price

9.Suppose two countries, Canada and Mexico, produce two goods: timber

9.Suppose two countries, Canada and Mexico, produce two goods: timber

5.Now suppose the world relative price of cars PC/PTV 5

5.Now suppose the world relative price of cars is PC/PTV 5 1. a.In what good will each country specialize? Briefly explain why. b.Graph the new world price line for each country in the figures in Problem 4 and add a new indifference curve (U2) for each country in the trade equilibrium. Answer:.

5.Now suppose the world relative price of cars PC/PTV 5

1.In the short-run specific-factors model, examine the impact a small

1.In the short-run specific-factors model, examine the impact a small

11.Similar to Home in Problem 10, Foreign also produces computers

11.Similar to Home in Problem 10, Foreign also produces computers and wheat using capital, which is specific to computers; land, which is specific to wheat; and labor, which is mobile between the two sectors. Foreign has 100 workers and 100 units of land, but only 10 units of capital. It.

11.Similar to Home in Problem 10, Foreign also produces computers

11.Figure 5-14 a supply-and-demand diagram for the world labor market.

11.Figure 5-14 is a supply-and-demand diagram for the world labor market. Starting at points A and A *, consider a situation where some Foreign workers migrate to Home, but not enough to reach the equilibrium with full migration (point B ). As a result of the migration, the Home wage.

11.Figure 5-14 a supply-and-demand diagram for the world labor market.

8.In the specific-factors model, assume that the price of agricultural

8.In the specific-factors model, assume that the price of agricultural

7.In this question, we use the Rybczynski theorem to review

7.In this question, we use the Rybczynski theorem to review

10.In Table 5-2, we show the growth in the real

10.In Table 5-2, we show the growth in the real rental and real wages in Singapore, along with the implied productivity growth. One way to calculate the productivity growth is to take the average of the growth in the real rental and real wage. The idea is that firms can.

10.In Table 5-2, we show the growth in the real

4.Starting from equilibrium in the specific-factors model, suppose the price

4.Starting from equilibrium in the specific-factors model, suppose the price of manufactured goods falls so that wages fall from W9 to W in Figure 3-5. a.Show that the percentage fall in the wage is less than the percentage fall in the price of manufacturing, so that the real wage of labor.

4.Starting from equilibrium in the specific-factors model, suppose the price

4.In the short-run specific-factors model, consider a decrease in the

4.In the short-run specific-factors model, consider a decrease in the

5. Consider the model of a firm that produces

5. Consider the model of a firm that produces

5.According to part A of Table 5-1, what education level

5.According to part A of Table 5-1, what education level loses most (that is, has the greatest decrease in wage) from immigration to the United States? Does this result depend on keeping the rental on capital constant? Explain why or why not. 6.Suppose that computers use 2 units of capital for.

5.According to part A of Table 5-1, what education level

5.Our derivation of the gravity equation from the monopolistic competition

5.Our derivation of the gravity equation from the monopolistic competition

6.Suppose when Russia opens to trade, it imports automobiles, a

6.Suppose when Russia opens to trade, it imports automobiles, a

1.This problem uses the Heckscher-Ohlin model to predict the direction

1.This problem uses the Heckscher-Ohlin model to predict the direction

7.In Figure 4-3, we show how the movement from the

7.In Figure 4-3, we show how the movement from the no-trade equilibrium point A to a trade equilibrium at a higher relative price of computers leads to an upward sloping export supply, from points A to D in panel (b). a.Suppose that the relative price of computers continues to rise in.

7.In Figure 4-3, we show how the movement from the

4.Using the information in the chapter, suppose Home doubles in

4.Using the information in the chapter, suppose Home doubles in size and Foreign remains the same. Show that an equal proportional increase in capital and labor at Home will change the relative price of computers, wage, rental on capital, and the amount traded but not the pattern of trade. .

4.Using the information in the chapter, suppose Home doubles in

2.How would your answer to Problem 1 change if instead

2.How would your answer to Problem 1 change if instead we use the long-run model, with shoes and computers produced using labor and capital? .

2.How would your answer to Problem 1 change if instead

10.Following data for soybean yield, production, and trade for 2010–2011: a.In

10.Following data for soybean yield, production, and trade for 2010–2011: a.In

9.Recall the formula from the application, “The Effect of FDI

9.Recall the formula from the application, “The Effect of FDI on Rentals and Wages in Singapore.” Give an intuitive explanation for this formula for the rental rate. Hint: Describe one side of the equation as a marginal benefit and the other as a marginal cost. .

9.Recall the formula from the application, “The Effect of FDI

1.Explain how increasing returns to scale in production can be

1.Explain how increasing returns to scale in production can be

9.a. Of two products, rice and paintings, which product do

9.a. Of two products, rice and paintings, which product do

5.Using a diagram similar to Figure 4-12, show the effect

5.Using a diagram similar to Figure 4-12, show the effect of a decrease in the relative price of computers in Foreign. What happens to the wage relative to the rental? Is there an increase in the labor/capital ratio in each industry? Explain. .

5.Using a diagram similar to Figure 4-12, show the effect

8.On March 2, 2013, Tajikistan successfully negotiated terms to become

8.On March 2, 2013, Tajikistan successfully negotiated terms to become

6.The United States, France, and Italy among the world’s largest

6.The United States, France, and Italy among the world’s largest

9.a. Suppose that the number of workers doubles in Home.

9.a. Suppose that the number of workers doubles in Home. What happens to the b.Suppose that there is technological progress in the wheat industry such that Home can produce more wheat with the same amount of labor. What happens to the Home PPF, and what happens to the relative price.

9.a. Suppose that the number of workers doubles in Home.

5.Use the following information to answer the questions below: Manufacturing:Sales revenue