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  True-False Questions 1. A prototype a mental category that groups objects

  True-False Questions 1. A prototype is a mental category that groups objects or activities that have common properties. 2. Propositions represent the relationships of concepts to one another. 3. A proposition is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea. 4. Research on visual images shows that.
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  True-False Questions 1. A prototype a mental category that groups objects
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 363                   Is long-term potentiation associated

  Quick Quiz – textbook page 363                   Is long-term potentiation associated with (a) increased responsiveness of certain receiving neurons to transmitting neurons or (b) a decrease in receptors on certain receiving neurons?                 The cerebellum has been associated with __________ memories; the hippocampus has been associated with __________ memories.                 True or false:.
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 363                   Is long-term potentiation associated
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  Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters 1.Define your terms! In Chapter

  Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters 1.Define your terms! In Chapter 1, we learned that this was an important guideline with regard to critical thinking. People refer to intelligence all the time, but how is intelligence usually defined? Does the musical genius of a world-class violinist count as intelligence? Based on.
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  Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters 1.Define your terms! In Chapter
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21. Scientists agree that a general ability underlies the specific

21. Scientists agree that a general ability underlies the specific abilities and talents measured by intelligence 22. Mental age is a measure of mental development expressed in terms of the average mental ability at a given age. 23. Standardized IQ tests predict school performance fairly well. 24. Stereotype threat is a burden of.
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21. Scientists agree that a general ability underlies the specific
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41.________ emotions reflected in the emotion words that young children

41.________ emotions are reflected in the emotion words that young children learn first: happy, sad, a.Culturally-distinct b.Coping c.Attributional d.Prototypical 42.________ are social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or suppress) emotions. a.Emotion prototypes b.Display rules c.Primary and secondary controls d.General adaptations 43.Display rules involve: a.displaying an emotion that is not actually felt, often because.
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41.________ emotions reflected in the emotion words that young children
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  Essay Questions 1.One type of mental representation the concept. How do

  Essay Questions 1.One type of mental representation is the concept. How do concepts allow us to relate to the world around us in a manageable way? Create an example to show what a person’s experience in a novel situation could be like if humans didn’t organize the world based on concepts. 2.In.
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  Essay Questions 1.One type of mental representation the concept. How do
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11.  Researchers have been able to induce memories of events

11.  Researchers have been able to induce memories of events that never happened. 12.  Preschoolers’ memories are more vulnerable to suggestive questions than are the memories of school-aged children. 13.  Children can be induced to report traumatic experiences that never actually happened to them. 14.  Conscious, intentional recollection of an event is called.
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11.  Researchers have been able to induce memories of events
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41. In general, information in short-term memory retained for about

41. In general, information in short-term memory is retained for about ________ if it is not rehearsed. a. 2–3 seconds or less b. 30 seconds c. 5–20 minutes d. 30 minutes 42. The case study of Henry Molaison (H.M.) is discussed throughout Chapter 10 in your textbook. Careful study of H.M.’s memory after his surgery.
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41. In general, information in short-term memory retained for about
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 322                 What was Binet’s great

  Quick Quiz – textbook page 322                 What was Binet’s great insight?                 True or false: IQ tests designed to avoid cultural bias have failed to entirely eliminate average group differences in IQ scores.                 Hilda, who is 68, is about to take an IQ test, but she is worried because she knows.
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 322                 What was Binet’s great
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71. During short-term memory tasks, the ________ especially active. a. frontal

71. During short-term memory tasks, the ________ is especially active. a. frontal lobe b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. amygdala 72. In his work with rabbits, Richard Thompson showed that classical conditioning of the eyeblink response depends on activity in the ________. a. frontal lobes b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. cerebellum 73. The ________ is the part of the brain that.
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71. During short-term memory tasks, the ________ especially active. a. frontal
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  71.The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw

  71.The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw in that: a.the formula did not make sense for use with adults. b.the formula did not separate the “g factor” from specific abilities. c.it overemphasized performance IQ in the computations. d.it overemphasized verbal IQ in the computations. 72.David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
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  71.The original formula for determining IQ had a serious flaw
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61.Steve unexpectedly called in class. He hasn’t the faintest idea

61.Steve is unexpectedly called on in class. He hasn’t the faintest idea of the answer, and he feels his heart start to pound and his palms begin to sweat. According to Hans Selye, he is in the ________ phase of his stress response. a.general b.resistance c.alarm d.exhaustion 62. ________ is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
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61.Steve unexpectedly called in class. He hasn’t the faintest idea
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91.Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests

91.Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests in Asia and the U.S. showed that: a.although the attitudes toward intellectual success were similar among Asian children and American children, their actual performance on tests differed markedly. b.only 10 percent of the American children had scores as low on computations and.
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91.Comparisons of attitudes and performance with regard to math tests
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 305                   Which concept most basic:

  Quick Quiz – textbook page 305                   Which concept is most basic: furniture, chair, or high chair?                 Which example of the concept chair is prototypical: high chair, rocking chair, or dining room chair?                 What two findings in the previous section support Whorf’s theory that language affects perception and cognition?                 Peter’s mental.
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 305                   Which concept most basic:
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  Essay Questions 1. In the mid-1980s, the nation’s media focused the

  Essay Questions 1. In the mid-1980s, the nation’s media focused on the McMartin preschool in Los Angeles, where children claimed to have been hung in trees, raped, and forced to eat feces. Although none of the children had shown symptoms or problems during their preschool experience, most of the accused teachers.
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  Essay Questions 1. In the mid-1980s, the nation’s media focused the
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 348                   True or false: Mistaken

  Quick Quiz – textbook page 348                   True or false: Mistaken identifications are more likely when a suspect’s ethnicity differs from that of the eyewitness, even when the witness feels certain about being accurate.                 Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to: a.  reassure them that.
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  Quick Quiz – textbook page 348                   True or false: Mistaken
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21.  Trivial Pursuit, a popular board game that tests a

21.  Trivial Pursuit, a popular board game that tests a player’s skills in retrieving and reproducing popular culture and general knowledge, requires the recall of explicit memories. 22.  This true-false question requires recognition. 23.  Priming is a method for measuring explicit memory. 24.  When the priming method is used for measuring implicit memory,.
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21.  Trivial Pursuit, a popular board game that tests a
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41.  Long-term memory formation involves lasting structural changes in the

41.  Long-term memory formation involves lasting structural changes in the brain. 42.  Many researchers believe that long-term potentiation is the process underlying many, and perhaps all, forms of learning and memory. 43.  The formation of short-term memories and long-term memories involve the same chemical and structural 44.  Long-term potentiation is thought to be.
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41.  Long-term memory formation involves lasting structural changes in the
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31. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can

31. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. the sensory register d. working memory 32. In the “three-box model of memory,” which memory system holds information for no more than a few seconds, until it can be processed further? a. short-term.
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31. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can
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  51.  In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the

  51.  In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the memory system involved in the prolonged storage of information is known as ________. a.  short-term memory b.  the sensory register c.  working memory d.  long-term memory 52. When researchers investigated the organization of long-term memory, they found that: a. it must be linked to sound, since.
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  51.  In accordance with the three-box model of memory, the
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  1._________ a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,

  1._________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules. a.An attribution b.Emotion c.Galvanic skin response d. Body language 2.Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered evidence supporting the universality of _________ facial a.five b.six c.seven d.nine 3.When Jose complies with instructions to look angry,.
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  1._________ a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,
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4.  Early in the 1990s, controversy arose regarding the accuracy

4.  Early in the 1990s, controversy arose regarding the accuracy of long-buried memories of sexual abuse. Freud would have explained this as an example of a repressed memory that later is brought to conscious awareness. What does the evidence say about repression? 5.  Famous psychologist Jean Piaget once reported having a.
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4.  Early in the 1990s, controversy arose regarding the accuracy
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1. ________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of

1. ________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of an emotional event. a. Semantic b. Declarative c. Flashbulb d. Episodic 2. The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere is called ________. a. confabulation b. source misattribution c. priming d. repression 3. Irene swears that she was there the night.
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1. ________ memory refers to a vivid, detailed recollection of
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  71.How might a psychoneuroimmunologist explain the increased risk of catching

  71.How might a psychoneuroimmunologist explain the increased risk of catching the common cold during periods of prolonged stress? a.Stress increases the number of natural killer cells, which attack the immune system. b.Stress increases the number of white blood cells, making the body more susceptible to infection. c.Telomeres are lengthened by stress, leaving cells.
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  71.How might a psychoneuroimmunologist explain the increased risk of catching
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6.  Why short-term memory sometimes called a “leaky bucket”? 7.  If

6.  Why is short-term memory sometimes called a “leaky bucket”? 7.  If the capacity of short-term memory is limited, how do we remember the beginning of a spoken sentence 8.  When a word is on the “tip-of-the-tongue,” what errors are likely until the target word is recalled? 9.  Declarative memories come in two.
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6.  Why short-term memory sometimes called a “leaky bucket”? 7.  If
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  31.The ________ directly controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

  31.The ________ directly controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands. a.prefrontal cortex b.amygdala c.right hemisphere d.sympathetic nervous system 32.The ________ secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine when the sympathetic nervous system becomes activated. a.left prefrontal cortex b.right prefrontal cortex c.amygdala d.adrenal glands 33.________ provides the energy of an emotion, that familiar tingle, excitement, and sense of animation. a.Melatonin b.Epinephrine c.Oxytocin d.Dopamine 34.The polygraph.
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  31.The ________ directly controls the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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11.Facial feedback defined as: a.the process by which the facial muscles

11.Facial feedback is defined as: a.the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed. b.a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules. c.the emotional reaction of other people.
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11.Facial feedback defined as: a.the process by which the facial muscles
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91. Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory examples of: a. encoding strategies. b.

91. Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory are examples of: a. encoding strategies. b. the use of cues in retrieval. c. interference effects. d. elaborative encoding. 92. ________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently stored material. a. Cue-dependent forgetting b. Proactive interference c. Decay d. Retroactive interference 93..
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91. Mood-congruent memory and state-dependent memory examples of: a. encoding strategies. b.
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81. Maintenance rehearsal involves: a. processing the physical features of the

81. Maintenance rehearsal involves: a. processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered. b. analyzing new material in order to make it memorable. c. associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory. d. the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory. 82. ________ involves.
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81. Maintenance rehearsal involves: a. processing the physical features of the
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4.Alfred Binet’s insight regarding a method of measuring mental development

4.Alfred Binet’s insight regarding a method of measuring mental development had an international impact in the twentieth century. Explain how he went about calculating a child’s mental abilities. What scoring system did later researchers base on Binet’s method, and how was it originally calculated? 5.Critics have argued that intelligence tests favor.
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4.Alfred Binet’s insight regarding a method of measuring mental development
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  21. Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial

  21. Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit, which require her to answer questions based on her ability to recall facts. These types of games test Sarah’s: a. explicit memory. b. flashbulb memory. c. reconstructive memory. d. implicit memory. 22. Maria wrote a shopping list prior to going to the grocery store..
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  21. Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial
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  51.What the one emotion that North American men express more

  51.What is the one emotion that North American men express more freely than women? a.fear b.sadness c.humor d.anger 52.What is the correct order for the stages of the general adaptation syndrome? a.resistance phase, exhaustion phase, alarm phase b.alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase c.alarm phase, exhaustion phase, resistance phase d.resistance phase, alarm phase, exhaustion phase 53. In the ________ of.
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  51.What the one emotion that North American men express more
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  61. ________ could be called “knowing how to do something”

  61. ________ could be called “knowing how to do something” memories. a. Procedural memories b. Semantic memories c. Declarative memories d. Episodic memories 62. Shannon is currently a college professor. Which memory from Shannon’s fourth grade experience would most likely be an episodic memory? a. The low-level clouds that look like sheets floating in the air.
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  61. ________ could be called “knowing how to do something”
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6.In general, people try to avoid losses when making a

6.In general, people try to avoid losses when making a decision. Explain why this cognitive bias may affect a person’s decision about accepting or rejecting various aspects of medical treatment. 7.Connie’s method of studying worked effectively throughout high school until she took her first foreign language course. In this course, her.
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6.In general, people try to avoid losses when making a
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7.One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposed by

7.One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposed by Robert Sternberg, distinguishes three different aspects of intelligence. Explain each of these aspects in detail. 8.One of the longest-running psychological studies ever conducted was begun by Lewis Terman in 1921 in order to learn about children who scored in the top.
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7.One well-known theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposed by
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  1. Confusion of an event that happened to someone else

  1. Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened, is called ________. a. confabulation b. priming c. flashbulb memory d. repression 2. Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect: a. is of.
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  1. Confusion of an event that happened to someone else
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  Short Answer Questions 1.  What research technique did Sir Frederic Bartlett,

  Short Answer Questions 1.  What research technique did Sir Frederic Bartlett, the British psychologist, use in order to study how  memories are manufactured? 2.  One day after the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, college students were asked questions about the experience and about a mundane event that occurred within.
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  Short Answer Questions 1.  What research technique did Sir Frederic Bartlett,
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  Multiple Choice Questions 1. ________ refers to the capacity to retain

  Multiple Choice Questions 1. ________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information. a. Recall b. Memory c. Priming d. Recognition 2. Memory is critical to our lives because: a. it confers a sense of personal identity, which enhances our sense of coherence. b. without memory, we could not experience emotions. c. it operates as a video camera.
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  Multiple Choice Questions 1. ________ refers to the capacity to retain
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51.  When patients unable to form new declarative memories, they

51.  When patients are unable to form new declarative memories, they cannot acquire new procedural memories 52.  Different aspects of a memory are probably processed separately and stored at different locations that are distributed across wide areas of the brain, with all the sites participating in the representation of the event.
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51.  When patients unable to form new declarative memories, they
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31.  The sensory register can hold sensory images indefinitely, as

31.  The sensory register can hold sensory images indefinitely, as long as we continue to rehearse the information. 32.  George Miller’s famous estimate of the capacity of short-term memory is the “magical 2 to 20 range.” 33.  In discussions of the capacity of short-term memory, a chunk is a meaningful unit of.
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31.  The sensory register can hold sensory images indefinitely, as
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  Multiple Choice Questions 1._______________ a state of arousal involving facial and

  Multiple Choice Questions 1._______________ is a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all shaped by cultural rules. a.An attribution b.Emotion c.Galvanic skin response d. Body language 2.Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining “emotion” are: a.facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress. b.physiological changes, cognitive.
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  Multiple Choice Questions 1._______________ a state of arousal involving facial and
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  Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters 1.  In thinking about real-life

  Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters 1.  In thinking about real-life problems, a person must be able to use dialectical reasoning, as explained in Chapter 9 (Thinking and Intelligence). Use dialectical reasoning to consider the controversial topic of eyewitness testimony presented in our chapter on memory. Should the testimony of preschoolers be trusted in.
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  Integrative Essay Questions: Linking the Chapters 1.  In thinking about real-life
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  Short Answer Questions 1.The text discusses four elements of cognition: concepts,

  Short Answer Questions 1.The text discusses four elements of cognition: concepts, mental images, cognitive schemas, and propositions. In the diagram below, fill in the appropriate labels to create a visual summary of the elements of cognition. Section: Thought: Using What We KnowType: ConceptualPage(s): 302 2.Rita’s mental representation for Halloween includes knowledge, beliefs, and.
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  Short Answer Questions 1.The text discusses four elements of cognition: concepts,
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21.Emily’s left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of

21.Emily’s left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of an automobile accident. As a result, her friends are most likely to notice that: a.she has begun to experience excessive euphoria. b.she can recognize them by voice but not by sight. c.she seems to have lost her capacity for joy. d.she “forgets” to be.
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21.Emily’s left prefrontal cortex was damaged as the result of
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31. Compared to Asians, Americans much more likely to think

31. Compared to Asians, Americans are much more likely to think that a person either has mathematical intelligence or doesn’t. 32. Japanese schoolteachers and students are much more likely than their American counterparts to believe that               the secret to doing well in math is working hard. 33. Asian students generally value.
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31. Compared to Asians, Americans much more likely to think
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  81._______________ intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence. a.Creative b.Componential c.Contextual d.Experiential 82.W

  81._______________ intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence. a.Creative b.Componential c.Contextual d.Experiential 82.Which of the following is one of the components in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? a.metacognitive intelligence b.cultural intelligence c.contextual intelligence d.emotional intelligence 83.According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, there are three kinds of intelligence. ________ intelligence refers to your creativity in transferring skills to new.
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  81._______________ intelligence refers to the practical application of intelligence. a.Creative b.Componential c.Contextual d.Experiential 82.W
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  True-False Questions 1.  In ancient times, philosophers compared memory to a

  True-False Questions 1.  In ancient times, philosophers compared memory to a soft wax tablet that would preserve anything imprinted on it. 2.  An accurate way to conceptualize memory is to think of it as a video camera that records each moment of a person’s life. 3.  When Sir Frederic Bartlett asked people to.
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  True-False Questions 1.  In ancient times, philosophers compared memory to a
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1.Three major components that psychologists focus when defining “emotion” are: a.facial

1.Three major components that psychologists focus on when defining “emotion” are: a.facial muscles, bodily changes, and stress. b.physiological changes, cognitive processes, and action tendencies. c. the alarm phase, the resistance phase, and the exhaustion phase. d. social rules, cultural rules, and relationship rules. 2.According to Paul Ekman, which of the following is one of the.
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1.Three major components that psychologists focus when defining “emotion” are: a.facial
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