Test Bank For We the People Essentials, 12th Edition

CHAPTER 2 The Founding and the Constitution Main Heads The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution The Constitution The Fight for Ratification The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Learning Objectives Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What was the MOST common form of taxation during the colonial era? a. the income tax b. tariffs, duties, and taxes on commerce c. the animal head tax d. taxes for use of governmental services and lands ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Applying MSC: Remembering 2. Prior to 1760, the MOST radical forces in colonial politics represented a. royal office and patent holders. b. New England merchants. c. southern planters. d. shopkeepers, laborers, and small farmers. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 3. The Stamp Act was a a. tax on commerce. b. prohibition on all unofficial mail. c. law permitting the Crown to open mail. d. tax on sugar, molasses, and other commodities. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 4. Which of the following statements about the income tax is MOST accurate? a. The British government began collecting income taxes in the 1760s in order to pay for the costs of protecting the colonies. b. The income tax was the single most important source of revenue for the United States under the Articles of Confederation. c. Colonial opposition to the income tax led to the Boston Tea Party. d. Although the income tax is currently one of the most important sources of government revenue, it had not yet developed during British rule over the colonies in the eighteenth century. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 5. Colonial protesters of the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act rallied around which slogan? a. “No taxation without representation.” b. “Give me liberty or give me death.” c. “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” d. “Don’t tread on me.” ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 6. Which of the following statements best describes British rule of the American colonies during the first half of the eighteenth century? a. The British ruled with a heavy hand and exerted a strong influence in every colonial town and city. b. The British ruled with a heavy hand in small towns but exerted no influence at all in the largest cities. c. The British ruled with a light hand and exerted a strong influence only in the largest colonial cities. d. The British ruled with a light hand and exerted almost no influence at all in any colonial town or city. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Applying MSC: Understanding MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering 7. The events that led to the Revolutionary War were triggered by which of the following? a. The British raised revenue by increasing the tax rate of the colonies. b. The British had established suspicious alliances with Indian tribes during the French and Indian War. c. American separatists assassinated King George III. d. The British attempted to end slavery in the colonies. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 8. A ________ is a system of government in which member states retain almost all of their sovereign authority and delegate limited powers to a weak central body. a. Republic c. bicameral state b. Confederation d. unitary state ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 9. The United States’ first written constitution was called the a. Magna Carta. c. Articles of Confederation. b. Bill of Rights. d. Declaration of Independence. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 10. The Boston Massacre occurred when a. five British soldiers were killed by an angry mob of colonists protesting outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston. b. five colonists were killed by British soldiers outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston. c. 50 colonists were killed by British soldiers outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston. d. 50 British soldiers were killed by an angry mob of colonists protesting outside of the seat of the colonial government in Boston. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 11. ________ defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. a. Thomas Jefferson c. John Adams b. Samuel Adams d. John Hancock ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 12. The Boston Tea Party was largely a response to the a. British government’s decision to grant the East India Company a monopoly on the export of tea from Britain. b. British government’s decision to remove all of its soldiers from the colonies. c. British government’s decision to tax the colonists’ personal income. d. Boston Massacre. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 13. Who orchestrated the Boston Tea Party? a. John Adams b. Samuel Adams c. d. John Hancock Paul Revere ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering 14. Which of the following was NOT one of the reprisals enacted by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party? a. restricting movement of the colonists to the West b. removing accused persons from the colonies to Britain for trial c. granting the East India Company the power to sell tea directly in the colonies instead of working through the colonial merchants d. closing the Boston port to commerce ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 15. The First Continental Congress was a. the meeting arranged between British and colonial forces to negotiate the end of the Revolutionary War. b. the British government’s lawmaking body for the colonies prior to 1776. c. a loose affiliation of small farmers and artisans that organized protests against British rule between 1770 and 1774. d. a group of colonial delegates assembled in 1774 that called for a total boycott of all British goods. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 16. The philosophical view articulated in the Declaration of Independence was MOST heavily influenced by the work of liberal theorist a. Niccolò Machiavelli. b. Alexis de Tocqueville. c. John Locke. d. Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 17. Which of the following statements best summarizes John Locke’s philosophical arguments in his treatises on government? a. Individuals create governments to protect their lives, liberties, and possessions, and if a government fails in its duties, the citizenry has the right to alter or abolish it. b. Monarchs rule by “divine right” and citizens can only retain those rights that are approved by the king or queen. c. Governments exist to provide their citizens with equality, and the only legitimate use of government force is to provide for the equal distribution of wealth. d. All governments necessarily lose their legitimacy after one generation, and all new generations of citizens must determine which rights should be protected in their country. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 18. How was political power in the Continental Congress divided under the Articles of Confederation? a. Each state had an equal vote. b. Each state’s votes were proportionate to its population. c. Each state’s power depended on its geographic size. d. Each state’s power depended on its economic wealth. MSC: Understanding ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Remembering MSC: Remembering MSC: Applying MSC: Remembering MSC: Understanding 19. The Articles of Confederation were ratified by all the states in a. 1763. c. 1781. b. 1777. d. 1791. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 20. Which of the following statements about national defense under the Articles of Confederation is FALSE? a. Congress was given the power to declare war. b. Congress was given the power to make treaties and form alliances with other countries. c. The nation’s armed forces were composed entirely of state militias. d. The president served as commander in chief of the nation’s armed forces. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 21. Under the Articles of Confederation, it was left to the ________ to execute laws passed by the Continental Congress. a. states c. courts b. council of presidents d. president ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 22. Why was the Declaration of Independence a remarkable political statement for its time? a. It convinced southern states to abolish slavery. b. It persuaded the British government to give back all the tax revenue it had collected from the colonies. c. It ended the Revolutionary War by offering a compromise with the British government. d. It helped unify colonial groups that were divided along economic, regional, and philosophical lines by identifying shared problems, grievances, and principles. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 23. The Declaration of Independence was a remarkable philosophical statement for its time because it asserted that a. slavery was a “morally unjust” institution that should be outlawed. b. there were “unalienable rights” that could not be abridged by governments. c. laissez-faire capitalism would be the “supreme law of the land” in America. d. America was “first and foremost, a Christian nation.” ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Understanding MSC: Remembering 24. The five men appointed by the Second Continental Congress in 1776 to write a statement about American independence from British rule were Robert Livingston, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and a. John Hancock. c. George Washington. b. Thomas Jefferson. d. Samuel Adams. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 25. Which of the following statements about the process of amending the Articles of Confederation is MOST accurate? a. The Articles of Confederation could not be amended. b. The Articles of Confederation could be amended with a simple majority vote of the Congress. c. The Articles of Confederation could be amended with a unanimous vote of the Congress. d. The Articles of Confederation could be amended only through a national constitutional convention in which three-fourths of state governors approved of all changes. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Understanding MSC: Understanding MSC: Understanding MSC: Remembering 26. What led British officials to raise taxes on the American colonists during the 1760s? a. a deficit that was incurred as a result of the French and Indian War b. the cost of war against Napoleon in Europe c. the expenses incurred in colonizing South Africa d. the extensive roads and canals built by the British in North America ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 27. The Articles of Confederation were concerned primarily with a. creating a unitary form of government. b. creating a federal form of government. c. creating a government in which the states were largely subservient to the national government. d. limiting the powers of the central government. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 28. Under the Articles of Confederation, the a. armed forces of the United States consisted of state militias. b. Continental Congress had the power to lay taxes on citizens. c. president was elected to four-year terms. d. states were prevented from discriminating against each other in the competition for foreign commerce. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation 29. The 1787 convention to draft a new constitution was held in a. New York City. c. Washington, D.C. b. Philadelphia. d. Richmond, Virginia. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 30. The Three-Fifths Compromise a. determined that three out of every five slaves would be counted for purposes of representation and taxation. b. determined the ratio between free states and slave states. c. declared that the states would pay three-fifths of the Revolutionary War debt and the federal government would pay the rest. d. determined that all American citizens would pay three-fifths of their incomes to the federal government in taxes every year. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 31. The Land Ordinance of 1785 was significant because it a. imposed large tariffs on luxury goods arriving on American lands through East Coast ports. b. established the principles of land surveying and landownership that governed America’s westward expansion. c. redistributed the property of British loyalists to small farmers who supported the revolution. d. provided 40 acres of free land to all immigrants from western and northern European countries. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 32. Which of the following laws passed by the Congress of the Confederation compelled states to surrender their western land claims? a. the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 c. the Alien and Sedition Acts b. the Land Ordinance of 1785 d. the Navigation Act of 1818 ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 33. How many states sent delegates to the Annapolis Convention in 1786? a. None of the states sent delegates b. Less than half of the states sent delegates c. More than half of the states sent delegates d. All of the states sent delegates ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 34. The main outcome of the Annapolis Convention was a. the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. b. the adoption of the “Star-Spangled Banner” as the country’s national anthem. c. the Declaration of Independence. d. a carefully worded resolution calling on the Congress to send commissioners to Philadelphia at a later time to improve and reform the Articles of Confederation. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 35. Daniel Shays was a. one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. b. the primary architect of the New Jersey Plan. c. the primary architect of the Virginia Plan. d. a former army captain who led a mob of farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 36. Which state did NOT send delegates to the convention at Philadelphia? a. Rhode Island c. Virginia b. Massachusetts d. Maine ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 37. Although ________ delegates attended the Philadelphia convention in 1787, only ________ delegates ended up signing the newly drafted Constitution. a. 25; 10 c. 75; 44 b. 55; 39 d. 435; 100 ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 38. The writing of the Constitution demonstrates the a. marriage of interests and principles. b. triumph of self-interest over the common good. c. epitome of civic virtue. d. triumph of the common good over self-interest. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 39. According to historian Charles Beard, the framers of the Constitution were MOSTLY concerned with a. pursuing military glory and imperialism. b. promoting their own economic interests. c. creating a religious community. d. creating a form of government that maximized popular sovereignty. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 40. The Virginia Plan was proposed on May 29, 1787, by a. James Wilson. c. b. Edmund Randolph. d. Robert Yates. Alexander Hamilton. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 41. The Virginia Plan proposed a system of representation in the national legislature that was based on a. equal representation between the states. b. the concept of universal suffrage. c. the population of each state, the proportion of each state’s revenue contribution, or both. d. the strength of each state’s militia. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 42. At the Constitutional Convention, the proposed plan to create a congress where representation was distributed according to population was called the ________ Plan. a. Virginia c. Marshall b. New Hampshire d. New Jersey ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 43. States like Delaware, Connecticut, and New York opposed the Virginia Plan because they a. disliked the Bill of Rights that was contained within the Virginia Plan. b. wanted to eliminate the state governments rather than give them the constitutional status suggested by the Virginia Plan. c. wanted every plan for a new government to include a provision protecting the institution of slavery for at least 25 years, and the Virginia Plan did not contain such a provision. d. feared that large states would dominate the new government if representation were to be determined by population, as stipulated by the Virginia Plan. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 44. What did the New Jersey Plan propose for Congress? a. Representation would be equal for each state. b. Representation would be based on population. c. Representation would be proportionate to the share of taxes paid by each state to the federal government. d. Representatives to Congress would be appointed by the state legislatures. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 45. During the Philadelphia convention, the New Jersey Plan was supported by ________ states. a. less-populous c. free b. slaveholding d. southern ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 46. The issue of representation was addressed in the Great Compromise by giving each state a. the opportunity to elect its own governors. b. an equal number of senators but linking representation in the House of Representatives to population. c. an equal number of votes in the electoral college. d. a veto over constitutional amendments. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 47. In order to win concessions from large states at the Philadelphia convention, representatives from smaller states such as Delaware threatened to a. boycott goods from large states. c. form alliances with foreign nations. b. ban travel across their borders. d. create their own independent country. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 48. James Madison believed that the greatest conflict of interest in the Philadelphia convention was between ________ and ________. a. large states; small states c. the wealthy; the poor b. northern states; southern states d. Catholics; Protestants ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: OBJ: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 49. The weakness of the national government under the Articles of Confederation became concerning to southern planters and New England merchants when a. a flu pandemic killed over 10,000 Americans in the spring of 1784. b. a series of slave revolts swept through the southern states and overthrew a number of local governments in the summer of 1783. c. “radical” forces representing small farmers, artisans, and shopkeepers began to exert control over a number of state governments. d. royal land-, office-, and patent holders began to exert control over a number of state governments. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 50. Shays’s Rebellion was an attempt to a. prevent the state of Massachusetts from foreclosing on the lands of debt-ridden farmers. b. invade New England by royalists from Canada. c. bring a Georgian slave revolt to Virginia. d. force the British government to rescind the Tea Act. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 51. Which of the following was a ramification of the Three-Fifths Compromise? a. It allowed for a political agreement between the North and the South. b. It allowed for a political agreement between large states and small states. c. It permanently outlawed the slave trade. d. It temporarily outlawed slavery. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 52. Shays’s Rebellion was significant because it a. convinced many observers that the government under the Articles of Confederation had become dangerously inefficient and indecisive. b. started the Revolutionary War. c. persuaded many colonists that slavery should be outlawed in the Constitution. d. convinced Congress to approve the Louisiana Purchase. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 53. Scholars disagree on the motives of the Founders in writing the U.S. Constitution as they did, but a prominent argument about their primary goal is that they wanted to devise a system a. consistent with the dominant philosophical and moral principles of the day, while also promoting commerce and protecting private property from radical state legislatures. b. of direct democracy that maximized popular sovereignty. c. that concentrated authority in one branch of government. d. that ended slavery. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution OBJ: Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 54. The political significance of the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise was to a. reinforce the unity of the New England merchants and the southern planters. b. exacerbate tensions between the New England merchants and the southern planters. c. transfer power from the Senate majority leader to the vice president. d. increase public support for the establishment of a national bank. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 55. Which of the following statements about the Articles of Confederation is INCORRECT? a. The Articles of Confederation included no federal court system. b. The Articles of Confederation included a provision for appointing a president. c. The Articles of Confederation allowed each state to coin or print its own money. d. The Articles of Confederation allowed the states to sign commercial treaties with foreign governments. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 56. Bicameralism is a constitutional principle that represents the division of a. the national government into two branches. b. the powers of the executive branch between two individuals: the president and the vice president. c. Congress into two chambers. d. the federal court system into two levels: the Supreme Court and the appellate courts. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 57. According to French political philosopher Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, placing the executive, legislative, and judicial powers in different governmental bodies worked very well in a. the Ottoman Empire. c. the Mongol Empire. b. Austria-Hungary. d. the Roman Republic. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 58. Direct election of senators was instituted with the a. Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison. b. ratification of the Constitution. c. passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. d. passage of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment in 1965. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 59. The president’s power to veto a bill passed by Congress is a good example of a. separation of powers. c. checks and balances. b. federalism. d. civil liberties. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Applying 60. The electoral college is a. an expression of direct democracy. b. designed to select the president of the United States. c. the institution that originally selected U.S. senators. d. the federal organization that oversees the operation of all elections held in the United States. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 61. The three branches of government created by the Constitution are a. constitutional, elected, and appointed. c. federal, state, and local. b. executive, legislative, and judicial. d. military, courts, and bureaucracy. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 62. The system of shared powers, divided between a central government and the state governments, is called a. the electoral college. c. checks and balances. b. federalism. d. the separation of powers. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 63. Federal judges are appointed by the ________ and must be approved by the ________. a. Senate; president c. president; House of Representatives b. president; Senate d. president; Supreme Court ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 64. What is the term length of a federal judge? a. two years b. four years c. d. six years life ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 65. The expressed powers of Congress are listed in ________ of the U.S. Constitution. a. Article I, Section 8 c. Article III, Section 2 b. Article II, Section 1 d. the Bill of Rights ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 66. Which office did the framers design to be directly elected by the people? a. U.S. representative c. U.S. president b. U.S. senator d. U.S. vice president ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Applying 67. Which of the following possesses the sole power to create revenue bills? a. the House of Representatives c. the president b. the Senate d. the Treasury Department ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 68. According to Article II of the U.S. Constitution, the president has the power to a. officially recognize other nations. c. regulate commerce in the states. b. overrule federal judges. d. convene Congress in special session. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Applying 69. Judicial review is the power of a. the courts to decide on the constitutionality of actions taken by the other branches of government. b. Congress to review the decisions of the federal courts. c. the states to review the constitutionality of federal actions and laws. d. the courts to review and edit pieces of legislation before they are voted on in Congress. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 70. Montesquieu called ________ the principle of giving each branch of government its own constituency. a. tyranny c. a mixed regime b. democracy d. a republic ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 71. In order for the Constitution to be formally adopted, ________ of the ________ states in the Union had to agree to its terms. a. 7; 13 c. 13; 13 b. 9; 13 d. 34; 50 ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 72. The decision to give the national government control over interstate commerce and finance was motivated primarily by the framers’ desire to a. end slavery in the United States. b. eliminate state and local governments. c. promote economic development and protect property from radical state legislatures. d. guarantee economic equality for all citizens. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 73. The framers of the U.S. Constitution intended to create a presidency capable of a. completely dominating Congress. b. withstanding excessive popular pressure by making it subject to indirect election through the electoral college. c. spending money with little interference from any other branch of government. d. regulating all forms of commerce. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 74. Only one-third of the Senate is up for re-election during any single election year because the framers believed that a. too many elections would be difficult for the states to run. b. this was a way to make the Senate resistant to popular pressure. c. the state legislatures would conspire with each other to elect a Senate dominated by a single party. d. this would make members of the Senate more responsive to the preferences of their constituents. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 75. The delegates at the Philadelphia convention turned down the idea of including a list of citizens’ rights in the Constitution because they believed that a. such a list would limit economic development. b. since the federal government was already limited to its expressed powers, further protection of citizens was not needed. c. citizens should vote directly on which rights should be protected. d. such a list would make government too weak to protect national security. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 76. Which entity is placed in charge of determining whether a state discriminated against goods or people from another state? a. the Solicitor General c. the Department of Justice b. the Supreme Court d. the Department of Commerce ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 77. The “comity” provision of Article IV of the Constitution was designed to promote national unity by a. asserting that the federal Constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions. b. claiming that powers not explicitly delegated to the federal government were reserved for the states. c. prohibiting state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of their own citizens. d. outlawing government discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, and gender. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 78. The framers employed the separation of powers and federalism in order to a. prevent the new government from abusing its power. b. end the slave trade. c. create a replica of the British political system. d. promote economic equality among all citizens. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 79. Which of the following statements about the House of Representatives and the Senate is true? a. The Senate and the House have the power to ratify treaties. b. The Senate and the House have the power to approve presidential appointments. c. The House has the power to overturn a president’s veto, while the Senate does not. d. The House has the power to originate revenue bills, while the Senate does not. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 80. The framers designed the Senate to be a check against excessive democracy by doing which of the following? a. Senators were originally appointed by state legislatures. b. Senators have shorter terms than members of the House of Representatives. c. Senators are directly elected by the people. d. Senators are the only officials immune from impeachment. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 81. Which two constitutional provisions have been at the heart of constitutional struggles between federal and state powers throughout American history? a. the preamble and the elastic clause b. the Eighteenth Amendment and the Twentieth Amendment c. the Eighteenth Amendment and the Twenty-Fifth Amendment d. the elastic clause and the Tenth Amendment ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Applying 82. Which of the following is the president NOT given the unconditional right to do under the Constitution? a. veto congressional enactments b. convene Congress in special session c. appoint the Speaker of the House of Representatives d. grant pardons and reprieves ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 83. The Constitution expressly grants Congress the power to a. appoint judges. c. regulate interstate commerce. b. receive ambassadors. d. abolish state boundaries. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 84. The decision to assign jurisdiction over controversies between citizens of different states to the Supreme Court was significant because it meant that a. the federal judiciary, rather than the state courts, would ultimately become the primary venue for resolving disputes. b. the state courts, rather than the federal judiciary, would ultimately become the primary venue for resolving disputes. c. courts at both the state and federal levels would become irrelevant to the operating of the American political system. d. the state courts would be allowed to use the power of judicial review on cases involving economic disputes. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 85. Which of the following is NOT a tool that Congress can use to influence the federal judiciary? a. creating new lower-level federal courts b. choosing which cases will and will not be heard before the Supreme Court c. changing the jurisdiction of the federal courts d. adding to or subtracting from the total number of federal judges ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 86. Which of the following is true about the U.S. Constitution? a. The president is elected directly by the people. b. The Constitution can be amended with a two-thirds majority vote of both houses of Congress and a ratification vote by three-fourths of the states. c. Federal judges are appointed by Congress for life. d. Senators are elected directly by the people for 10-year terms. ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 87. The oldest constitution still in use belongs to which country? a. the United States c. South Africa b. France d. India ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts OBJ: Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Remembering 88. The framers attempted to reassure citizens that their views would be represented in the new government created by the Constitution by a. allowing citizens to vote directly on all laws enacted by the federal government. b. making the Constitution easy to amend. c. requiring the direct election of senators, members of the House, and the president. d. defining the new government’s most important powers, such as collecting taxes, borrowing money, and regulating commerce, as belonging to Congress. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 89. Compared with the Articles of Confederation, federalism under the Constitution has led to a. greater centralization of power. b. increased state autonomy. c. more local autonomy, at the expense of the states. d. a weaker national military. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Applying 90. What does the supremacy clause assert? a. Congress is the most powerful branch of the government. b. The Constitution and all laws made under it are superior to any state laws. c. State laws are superior to any federal laws. d. No European powers shall interfere in North America. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Remembering 91. During the ratification debates, the Federalists were those who a. opposed the new Constitution because they wanted a weaker national government. b. opposed the Constitution because it did not create a strong enough central government. c. opposed the Constitution because it did not provide women with the right to vote. d. supported the Constitution because it contained a strong national government. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 92. During the ratification debates, the Antifederalists were those who a. opposed the new Constitution because they wanted a weaker central government. b. opposed the Constitution because it did not create a strong enough central government. c. opposed the Constitution because it contained a strong national government. d. believed that the United States should enter into a confederation with Britain and Canada. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 93. The Federalist Papers were a. a series of essays that argued against the ratification of the Constitution. b. a series of essays that argued for the ratification of the Constitution. c. d. a series of pamphlets written by Thomas Paine in 1775 and 1776 advocating independence from Great Britain. the collected essays of French political philosopher Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu that argued for the separation of powers. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 94. Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers? a. James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton b. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson c. Charles Beard, Daniel Shays, and Paul Revere d. James Madison, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 95. Brutus and The Federal Farmer were two pseudonyms used by the a. Federalists. c. Monarchists. b. Antifederalists. d. Constitutionalists. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 96. Property owners, creditors, and merchants were more likely to side with the ________ in the debate over ratification; small farmers, frontiersmen, debtors, and shopkeepers were more likely to side with the ________. a. Antifederalists; Federalists c. Libertarians; Secularists b. Federalists; Antifederalists d. Secularists; Libertarians ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 97. The Federalists believed that the MOST apparent source of tyranny was the a. king of Great Britain. c. northern merchants. b. popular majority. d. landowning elite. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 98. The Antifederalists argued that the powers of the national government should be limited by a. providing Congress with a larger grant of powers. b. decreasing the powers of the executive branch, especially those of the vice president. c. adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. d. preventing government from collecting revenue through taxation. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 99. On the subject of representation, Antifederalists wanted a. representative bodies that resembled those represented to the highest degree. b. representatives who would reflect commercial interests. c. as few representatives as possible. d. representatives who were significantly more educated and wealthier than the majority of the public. ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Applying 100. Antifederalists were sharply critical of the structure of the Senate, the executive, and the federal judiciary under the Constitution because they a. wanted a system of direct democracy instead of a system of representative democracy. b. worried these undemocratic institutions would lead those in power to tyrannize the public. c. preferred a government with a unicameral legislature, a multimember executive council, and no federal judiciary. d. feared the government would become too deadlocked to pass any meaningful laws by the system of separation of powers and checks and balances. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Understanding 101. Antifederalists bitterly attacked which two parts of the Constitution as unlimited and dangerous grants of power to the national government? a. the Tenth Amendment and the elastic clause b. the Ninth Amendment and the supremacy clause c. the supremacy clause and the elastic clause d. the Tenth Amendment and the supremacy clause ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Understanding 102. The Federalists believed that the powers of government could be limited by a. decreasing the powers of the executive branch, especially those of the vice president. b. confining the powers of the federal government to certain narrowly defined areas and by adding a bill of rights to the Constitution. c. creating an internal system of checks and controls within government. d. preventing government from collecting revenue through taxation. ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering 103. Which of the following statements best summarizes the Federalists’ view on representation? a. Citizens are too apathetic and uninformed to be given the right to vote, and good representation can only come from entrusting enlightened members of the aristocracy to make decisions. b. Representative democracy can never provide good representation for its citizens, and direct democracy is the best way to achieve popular sovereignty. c. Representatives must be “a true picture of the people” in order to provide good representation, and this can only be achieved in small, relatively homogeneous republics. d. Representatives need not be a “true picture of the people,” and the best system of representation allows citizens to elect individuals possessing ability, experience, and talent superior to their own. ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Applying 104. The idea of the “living Constitution” means that a. the Constitution should be continually amended to keep up with the times. b. the judiciary can shape the interpretation of the Constitution in line with contemporary problems and values. c. each generation must design its own Constitution. d. the president can make changes to the Constitution after each election. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: B DIF: Easy CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 105. A ________ is a person who believes that the Constitution should not be amended by judges and that judges should adhere closely to the document’s text. a. b. strict constructionist Federalist ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: c. d. Supremacist Separationist A DIF: Easy CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Applying 106. Procedures for amending the Constitution are found in Article a. I. c. V. b. II. d. X. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: C DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 107. How many constitutional amendments throughout American history have been passed in a national convention called for by Congress in response to petitions by two-thirds of the states? a. 0 c. 13 b. 1 d. 27 ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: A DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 108. There are ________ amendments to the U.S. Constitution. a. 10 c. 27 b. 20 d. 37 ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: C DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 109. How many amendments to the Constitution have been formally proposed in Congress in U.S. history? a. fewer than 50 c. between 1,000 and 1,500 b. fewer than 100 d. more than 11,000 ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: D DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 110. Successful amendments to the Constitution a. are most commonly concerned with the structure or composition of the government. b. have often been used to restrict the rights of citizens. c. have typically had little effect on the actual workings of the government. d. have been those designed to promote economic equality. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: A DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Understanding 111. The federal government’s power to tax personal incomes was granted by the a. Supreme Court’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland. b. First Amendment. c. Sixteenth Amendment. d. Twentieth Amendment. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution OBJ: Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process MSC: Remembering 112. Which of the following statements best describes the framers’ view of liberty? a. Liberty is the absence of government. b. Liberty is less important than social and economic equality. c. Government promotes liberty by maintaining order. d. The framers feared that democracy and equality could undermine individual liberty. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: D DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Understanding 113. The MOST important political value for the framers of the Constitution was a. democracy. c. economic equality. b. political equality. d. individual liberty. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: D DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Understanding 114. A ________ vote by both houses of Congress and a ratification vote of ________ of the states are required to amend the U.S. Constitution. a. majority; a majority c. three-fourths; a majority b. two-thirds; three-fourths d. three-fourths; three-fourths ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: B DIF: Difficult CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 115. Which of the following statements about the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the Constitution is NOT accurate? a. The amendment declares that no congressional pay increase can take effect until the next Congress is elected. b. The amendment was proposed in 1789 along with the 10 amendments that became the Bill of Rights. c. The amendment eliminated “lame-duck” sessions of Congress. d. The amendment was ratified in 1992. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: C DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 116. Which statement about amendments to the Constitution is MOST accurate? a. No amendment to the Constitution has ever been successfully repealed. b. One amendment to the Constitution has been successfully repealed. c. Three amendments to the Constitution have been successfully repealed. d. Five amendments to the Constitution have been successfully repealed. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: B DIF: Difficult CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Applying 117. The MOST common method of passing an amendment to the Constitution is passage a. in both houses of Congress by a two-thirds vote, followed by a majority vote in three-fourths of the state legislature. b. in both houses of Congress by a two-thirds vote, followed by ratification by three-fourths of the state supreme courts. c. by a constitutional convention, called by three-fourths of the states. d. by the initiative process in three-fourths of the states and unanimous approval by the Supreme Court. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: A DIF: Difficult CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Remembering 118. The Supreme Court’s decisions on birth control in 1965 and abortion in 1973 are examples of how the Court a. has refused to acknowledge the Fourteenth Amendment in its rulings on questions of personal morality. b. can nullify any amendment to the Constitution with its rulings. c. can modify or augment the text of the Constitution with its rulings. d. has been reluctant throughout American history to strike down laws passed by state governments as violations of the Constitution. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: C DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Applying 119. In the United States, the right to private property is a. explicitly stated in Article I of the Constitution. b. explicitly stated in Article II of the Constitution. c. explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment. d. not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. ANS: REF: OBJ: MSC: D DIF: Moderate CH02—The Citizen’s Role and the Changing Constitution Trace how the Constitution has changed over time through the amendment process Applying ESSAY 1. Describe the origins of the American Revolution. Who were the main groups that made up colonial society and what were their grievances against the British? What conflicts, if any, existed among the colonists themselves? ANS: There are three components to this question: a. Main groups in colonial society: Five groups were important in colonial politics: (1) the New England merchants; (2) the southern planters; (3) the “royalists”—holders of royal lands, offices, and patents; (4) shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers; and (5) small farmers. b. Grievances against the British: Dissatisfaction with British tax policies and discontent over retaliatory acts of political repression radicalized many colonists to push for independence from British rule. Particularly important were the Stamp Act and other taxes on commerce, such as the Sugar Act of 1764 (which most heavily affected the New England merchants and the southern planters). The planters and merchants organized the shopkeepers, small farmers, laborers, and artisans against the British. The Boston Tea Party, organized in response to the British government granting the East India Company a monopoly on the export of tea from Britain, goaded the British into enacting a number of harsh reprisals that further radicalized Americans. c. Conflicts among colonists: Throughout the eighteenth century, these groups were in conflict over issues of taxation, trade, and commerce. For the most part, however, the southern planters, the New England merchants, and the royal office and patent holders—groups that together made up the colonial elite—were able to maintain a political alliance that held in check the more radical forces representing shopkeepers, laborers, and small farmers. DIF: OBJ: Moderate REF: CH02—The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts Describe the events that led to the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation MSC: Remembering 2. Describe some of the problems under the Articles of Confederation that led to the drafting of a new Constitution. In your answer, be sure to discuss national defense, foreign affairs, and the national government’s power under the Articles of Confederation, as well as Shays’s Rebellion. ANS: There are four components to this question: a. National defense: The central government had no army and the nation’s armed forces were composed entirely of the state militias. Without a national military, the nation’s borders were difficult to protect against this potentially hostile foreign power. b. Foreign affairs: The federal government was unable to enforce existing treaties and there was no national military. Furthermore, competition among the states for foreign commerce allowed the European powers to play the states off one another, which created confusion on both sides of the Atlantic. c. National power: The Articles of Confederation allowed for only a weak federal government, with state governments retaining most of the power. This situation became alarming when so-called radical forces began to exert considerable influence in a number of state governments. d. Shays’s Rebellion: In 1787, Daniel Shays led a mob of farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government. It is quite possible that the Constitutional Convention would never have taken place without this event. The rebellion showed that the Congress under the Confederation was unable to act decisively in a time of crisis. DIF: OBJ: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Remembering 3. Describe and analyze the conflicts and compromises that occurred during the drafting of the Constitution. What was the main source of conflict between large and small states, and how did the Great Compromise resolve it? What was the nature of the conflict regarding slavery during the Philadelphia convention? How did the Three-Fifths Compromise address this conflict? ANS: There are four components to this question: a. Conflict between large and small states: Large and small states were divided over representation. The Virginia Plan framework that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state was supported by large states. The New Jersey Plan framework that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population was supported by small states. b. The Great Compromise: Under this compromise, in the House of Representatives, representatives would be apportioned according to the population in each state. This was what delegates from the large states had sought. But in the Senate, each state would have equal representation regardless of its size. c. Slavery: Whatever they thought of slavery, most delegates from the northern states opposed counting slaves in the distribution of congressional seats. Southern delegates stated that they would never enter the Union if slaves were not counted as part of the basis for representation. d. Three-Fifths Compromise: Northerners and southerners eventually reached agreement through the Three-Fifths Compromise. The seats in the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to a “population” in which five slaves would count as three free persons. The slaves would not be allowed to vote, of course, but the number of representatives would be apportioned accordingly. DIF: OBJ: Moderate REF: CH02—The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution Analyze the reasons many Americans thought a new Constitution was needed, and assess the obstacles to a new Constitution MSC: Understanding 4. The separation of powers and federalism are two key features of the Constitution. Discuss why the Founders chose to include these institutional arrangements in the Constitution and how they function. In your answer, be sure to define what is meant by the separation of powers and federalism and to describe how each functions in the American political system. ANS: There are three components to this question: a. Why the Founders included these institutional arrangements in the Constitution: The Founders incorporated the separation of powers and federalism in order to guard against the possible misuse of governmental power. b. Discussing separation of powers: The separation of powers refers to the division of governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision making. Another important feature of the separation of powers is the principle of giving each of the branches a distinctly different constituency (for example, the president chosen indirectly by electors; the House by popular vote; the Senate by state legislatures; and the judiciary by presidential appointment). The separation of powers requires a system of checks and balances (mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches). Examples of these features include the presidential veto power over congressional legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review of congressional enactments. c. Discussing federalism: Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments. Compared with the Articles of Confederation, federalism was a step toward greater centralization of power. The framers’ concern with national supremacy was expressed in Article VI, in the supremacy clause. Thus, they devised a system of two sovereigns—the states and the nation—with the hope that competition between the two would be an effective limitation on the power of both. DIF: Difficult REF: CH02—The Constitution OBJ: Explain how the Constitution attempted to improve America’s governance, and outline the major institutions established by the Constitution MSC: Understanding 5. The process of ratifying the Constitution generated extensive disagreements between Federalists and Antifederalists. Discuss three issues that divided the Federalists and Antifederalists during the ratification debate and summarize each side’s arguments on these issues. ANS: There are three components to this question: a. Representation: One major area of contention between the two sides was representation. Antifederalists asserted that representatives must be “a true picture of the people.” They argued that this could be achieved only in small, relatively homogeneous republics such as the existing states. Federalists saw no reason that representatives should be precisely like those they represented. In their view, one of the great advantages of representative government was precisely the possibility that the people would choose as their representatives individuals possessing ability, experience, and talent superior to their own. b. The threat of tyranny: From the Antifederalist perspective, the greatest danger was that the few would use their power to tyrannize the many. For this reason, Antifederalists were critical of the unelected institutions in the Constitution (such as the Senate, the executive, and the federal judiciary). The Federalists were fearful of majority tyranny. From the Federalist perspective, it was precisely those features of the Constitution that the Antifederalists attacked as potential sources of tyranny that actually offered the best hope of averting the threat of oppression. c. Governmental power: Antifederalists favored limiting and enumerating the powers granted to the national government in relation both to the states and to the people at large. Antifederalists also demanded that a bill of rights be added to the Constitution to place limits on the government’s power. Federalists favored the construction of a government with broad powers to defend the nation against foreign foes, guard against domestic strife and insurrection, promote commerce, and expand the nation’s economy. DIF: Moderate REF: CH02—The Fight for Ratification OBJ: Present the controversies involved in the struggle for ratification MSC: Remembering