Test Bank for Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Case Approach, 4th Edition

PSYCHOANALYSIS CHAPTER 2 Sigmund Freud CHAPTER OUTLINE The Case of Barb 47-year-old Caucasian female who has been divorced twice Reported that she is depressed, experiences mood swings, and has bouts of crying and panic attacks Relevant History Mother left home at age 10 History of physical and sexual abuse Married and divorced twice Attempted suicide three times Background Founder: Sigmund Freud Grew up in Vienna, Austria Went to medical school and became a doctor Furthered his education by getting his doctor in psychiatry His youngest daughter, Anna, became his intellectual heir His ideas laid the foundation for the profession and practice of psychology Basic Philosophy Pessimistic view of human nature Dominant force is the innate sexual instinct Emphasis on unconscious drives Human Motivation Primary motivation for humans is intrapsychic conflict Central Constructs Instinct Theory Life instinct: Eros Death instinct: Thanatos Topographic Model: The Iceberg Approach Conscious thought Unconscious thought Preconscious thought Structural Model: The Big Three Id Ego Superego Repression Pushing “unacceptable” material to the unconscious, and keeping it there Always involved in the formation of symptoms Can lead to a person becoming stuck or “fixated” at a particular psychosocial stage Symptoms as Symbols Psychic conflict Unacceptable sexual impulses Symptoms serve as a defense against “unacceptable wishes” Defense Mechanisms Identification Displacement Projection Reaction Formation Sublimation Regression Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual Key Developmental Stages Oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage Latency Genital stage Health and Dysfunction Healthy Personality Able to love and work Demonstrates minimal levels of repression Able to bring unconscious conflicts to the conscious and see them as sources of current behavior Dysfunctional Personality Unresolved unconscious conflicts Due to unsuccessful resolution of 1 or more psychosexual stages Realistic Anxiety An appropriate affective reaction to real danger Neurotic Anxiety Fear that libidinal drives will be expressed and danger could result Moral Anxiety Fear of punishment by the superego Types of Dysfunction Hysteria (conversion disorder) Phobias Depression Psychoses Nature of Therapy Assessment Formal assessment is used to gather information about the nature of the client’s defenses and unconscious conflicts Clients project their unconscious material onto an ambiguous stimuli Overview of the therapeutic atmosphere Personality of the therapist is banished Use of the analytic couch Roles of Client and Counselor Client reveals everything that comes to mind Counselor decides what is “real” vs. “not real” and correctly interprets the client’s unconscious material Goals of Therapy Help client uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts Strengthen the ego Process of Therapy Insight Resistance Transference Countertransference Phases of Therapy Opening Phase Development of Transference Working Through Resolution of Transference Therapeutic Techniques Free Association Interpretation Analysis of the Resistance Dream Analysis Analysis of the Transference Evaluation of the Theory Qualities of the Theory Precision and testability Empirical support Research Support Outcome research Theory-testing research Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity Pros Modern offshoots appear to devalue women less Cons Focus of change is on the individual, not the environment Females are highly motivated by penis envy Clearly rooted in European values TEST ITEMS Short Answer Questions 1. Describe Freud’s view of female development. Why is the process more difficult for women than men, according to psychoanalytic theory? 2. State the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis and describe the theoretical rationale upon which it rests. 3. Pick a defense mechanism, describe it, and give a client example. 4. Describe the stages of psychoanalysis. 5. What are the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalysis in terms of working with clients from diverse backgrounds? 6. Discuss research on outcomes of transference interpretations in psychodynamic therapy. Multiple Choice Questions 1. For Freud, the MOST important motivator of human behavior is: a. self-actualization b. self-esteem c. anxiety d. conflict 2. The MOST powerful source of human behavior, according to Freud, is a. the unconscious b. conscious thought c. moral anxiety d. early learning 3. About instincts, Freud believed a. that they must be repressed b. that they are directed towards preservation of the organism c. that they must be expressed d. b and c 4. The following, according to Freud, has no real contact with reality a. id b. superego c. ego d. repression 5. Which of the following structures have NO unconscious aspect? a. id b. ego c. superego d. all have unconscious aspects 6. Repression: a. is involved in symptom formation b. uses psychic energy c. does not always result in symptoms d. all of the above 7. Which of the following is/are true about defense mechanisms? a. they are conscious b. they only discharge a little instinctual energy c. they lead to extreme manifestations d. b and c 8. A goal of psychoanalysis is to a. shore up defenses b. strengthen the ego c. increase projection d. a and b 9. Neurotic anxiety is a. fear of libido b. fear of the superego c. fear of ego d. fear of Sigmund Freud 10. David believes that he is possessed by the spirit of a hyper-intelligent alien being, and that the government has discovered this possession and is out to get him. In Freud’s view, David is probably displaying a. moral anxiety b. projection c. fantasy d. all of the above 11. The role of the analyst is BEST characterized as that of a. sage b. teacher c. fellow traveler d. doctor 12. Susan, the analyst, looks forward to her 10:00am client on Fridays. She spends a lot of time reading about issues relevant to this client’s presentation, and views this client as being special. Susan is probably experiencing a. countertransference b. transference c. sublimation d. burnout 13. Classic psychoanalysis is a. well supported by research. b. mixed in terms of research support. c. not supported by research. d. known for cultural diversity. 14. The primary purpose of proper training analysis is a. to prevent countertransference b. to make sure that the therapist knows her theory c. to examine parallel processes between client and counselor d. to ensure the continuation of psychoanalytic psychotherapy 15. Susan is an analyst who is working with her client Chloe. Susan asks Chloe to “free associate” and tell her everything that comes into her mind. Chloe does not disclose everything that she is thinking because she does not feel that it is relevant to the session. Chloe has: a. violated the Fundamental Rule of Psychoanalysis b. assumed the role of the analyst c. taken the “back seat” d. completed her formal assessment 16. Which of the following is true regarding the id and the ego? a. The goal of the id is to seek pleasure and avoid pain and the goal of the ego is to satisfy the id and keep the individual safe. b. Topographically, the id represents unconsciousness and the ego represents consciousness. c. The id neutralizes pressure that the individual experiences from the environment and ego provides a moral guide for the individual. d. The id operates according to secondary process and the ego operates according to primary process. the 17. Hoglend and colleagues (2007) found that transference interpretation in psychodynamic therapy was: a. not critical to improvement. b. more related to outcome for less dysfunctional clients. c. more related to outcome for more dysfunctional clients. d. a and c 18. Mary sought counseling because she feels very lonely. When Mary’s therapist began exploring the source of Mary’s loneliness, Mary disclosed that several times, people have told her that they have a hard time dealing with her “constantly chewing things such as gum, hard candy, pencils and pens.” Mary’s counselor, who is a well-trained analyst, believes that Mary is fixated in the Oral Stage of psychosexual development. Given this information, which of the following may be true? a. Mary’s sexual drive was not satisfied from birth to age 1. b. Mary received too little Erotogenic stimulation as an infant. c. Mary received too much anal stimulation as an infant. d. a and b 19. Dean’s wife Jean is constantly reminding Dean to pick up after himself at home. Jean also gets upset because Dean frequently volunteers his time and sometimes their money to their friends and other people in the community who are in need. The result of Dean’s generosity is that Dean spends less time at home and often they do not have enough money to cover their monthly expenses. According to Freud: a. Dean’s parents had rigid rules about toilet training and rarely praised him for success. b. Dean was not breast fed. c. Dean’s parents offered extreme amounts of praise for his success in toilet training. d. Dean never resolved his Oedipal complex 20. Nancy goes to the gym every day and pounds on a punching bag. Which defense mechanism is she using? a. identification with the aggressor b. projection c. displacement d. none of the above 21. What is the relative importance of behavior in psychoanalytic theory? a. Much behavior is driven by and related to unconscious motives. b. The therapist notices that the client is more likely to perform desired behaviors when appropriately reinforced. c. The client is aware that his or her Realistic Anxiety drives his/her behavior. d. a and c 22. The most important thing the analyst does is a. help the client act out her unconscious impulses b. interpret the client’s transference c. assist the client in making peace with his mother d. changes the client’s defense mechanisms 23. Match the phrase, Guided by the pleasure principle, with the letter of the appropriate word A. Superego B. Id C. Ego D. None of the above 24. Match the phrase, Guided by the reality principle, with the letter of the appropriate word: A. Id B. Superego C. Ego D. None of the above Chapter 2 1. D, 33-34 2. A, 33-34 3. C, 34 4. A, 35-36 5. D, 36 6. D, 37 7. D, 38 8. B, 48 9. A, 42 10. B, 38 11. D, 47 12. A, 49-50 13. B, 57-59 14. A, 49-50 15. A, 47 16. A, 36 17. D, 60 18. D, 39 19. C, 40 20. D, 38 21. A, 33 22. B, 54-55 23. B, 36 24. C, 36 CHAPTER 2 1. p. 40-41 2. p. 47 3. p. 37-39 4. p. 39-41 5. p. 62-63 6. p. 60-61