Test Bank For Organizational Behavior: A Practical, Problem-Solving Approach, 3rd Edition

Chapter 02 Test Bank 1. The first step in combating bullying is to document the event in writing, particularly if the bully is your boss. TRUE AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Motivating Factors Topic: Values Feedback: The first step in combating bullying is to document the event in writing, particularly if the bully is your boss. 2. The two basic dimensions of Schwartz’s value theory are self-enhancement/self-transcendence and ethical/unethical. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: In Figure 2.2, Schwartz identifies two bipolar dimensions that summarize the relationships among all 10 values (i.e., self-enhancement/self-transcendence and openness to change/conservation). 3. Personal attitudes affect behavior via intentions. TRUE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Feedback: From an OB perspective, personal attitudes affect behavior via intentions. 4. Based on Schwartz’s Value Theory, if you value achievement over universalism, you will spend your evening working hard on your term paper so that you can get a good grade, rather than volunteering at the soup kitchen. TRUE AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Schwartz proposed that broad values motivate our behavior across any context. He categorized these values into two opposing or bipolar dimensions. The first dimension ranges from concern for the welfare of others (which Schwartz calls self-transcendence) to pursuit of one’s own interests (self-enhancement). The second dimension ranges from self-directed independence (which Schwartz calls openness to change) to conformity (conservation). So, if you value achievement (self-enhancement) over universalism (self-transcendence), you will spend your evening working on your paper. 5. In Schwartz’s model, conformity and tradition are in the same wedge, but conformity is seen as less extreme than tradition. TRUE AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Tradition and conformity share a single wedge, supporting the same broad motivational goal. Conformity is toward the center because it does not conflict with openness to change and self-enhancement quite as much as tradition, which is toward the periphery. 2-1 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 6. According to the Ajzen model, someone’s intention to engage in a particular behavior is necessarily a strong predictor of that behavior. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Organizational Behavior Feedback: According to the Ajzen model, someone’s intention to engage in a given behavior is a strong predictor of that behavior. 7. Johan believes that saving the earth is our most important responsibility. He will be strongly committed to an employer who issues hybrid cars to all sales people, emphasizes recycling, and supports volunteerism to clean up the local river. TRUE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Organizational Commitment Feedback: Organizational commitment exists to the degree that personal values generally match the values that undergird a company’s organizational culture. 8. The components of engagement are urgency, being focused, intensity, and job satisfaction. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Employee Engagement Feedback: The components of employee engagement are four feelings: urgency, being focused, intensity, and enthusiasm. 9. One of the top five drivers of employee engagement for organizations in North America is pay. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Employee Engagement Feedback: Aon Hewitt, the global engagement consulting firm, identified from 2012 data the top five engagement drivers for organizations in North America. The organization-level factors are career opportunities, managing performance, organizational reputation, communication, and recognition. North America leaves pay out of the top five drivers. 10. The basic idea of POS is that people are willing to work hard and commit to their organizations when they believe that the organization truly cares about their best interests. TRUE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Social Support Feedback: The basic idea of POS (Perceived Organizational Support) is that people are willing to work hard and commit to their organizations when they believe that the company truly cares about their best interest. 11. There is only one model of the causes of job satisfaction. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 2-2 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Feedback: OB has developed numerous concepts to improve our understanding of job satisfaction: need fulfillment, met expectations, value attainment, equity, and dispositional/genetic components. 12. The idea that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual’s important values is called “met expectations.” FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Met expectations represent the difference between what an individual expects to receive from a job, such as good pay and promotional opportunities, and what she or he actually receives. The idea of value attainment is that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual’s important values. 13. Managers should attempt to reduce the negative effects of stress by improving job satisfaction and by encouraging employees to take work home. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Managers should attempt to reduce the negative effects of stress by improving job satisfaction and by encouraging employees to detach from work during off-job time (i.e., stop thinking about work, and “don’t take it home with you”). 14. Turnover is always bad for organizations. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Consider the pros and cons of turnover. Turnover can be a good thing when a low-performing person quits or is fired. In contrast, losing a good employee is bad because the organization loses valuable human and social capital, and it can be costly. 15. Stress can have positive effects on certain OB-related outcomes. For instance, it is negatively related to absenteeism because people feel they have to work harder to meet management expectations. FALSE AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Stress has negative effects on many different OB-related outcomes. For instance, it is positively related to absenteeism, turnover, coronary heart disease, and viral infections. 16. Maria focuses on community volunteerism, while Anna focuses on getting a promotion at work. _____ are represented by Maria’s and Anna’s focuses. A. Personal attitudes B. Workplace attitudes C. Endpoints of one of the dimensions of values D. Cognitions E. Behaviors AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Figure 2.2, Values and Motives in Schwartz’s Theory, depicts self-enhancement and self-transcendence as the endpoints of one of the 2-3 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. dimensions of values. 17. Mark marches to the beat of his own drummer, while Simon plans on following in his father’s footsteps. Mark is open to change, while Simon embraces A. conformity. B. traditionalism. C. power. D. benevolence. E. conservation. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Figure 2.2, Values and Motives in Schwartz’s Theory, depicts openness to change and conservation as opposites. 18. Schwartz’s model suggests that A. values may conflict with each other. B. values are important, but have no direct effect on motivation. C. values are unstable. D. we are always aware of our values and how they influence us. E. values are formed when we are in our early adulthood. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Schwartz proposes that values that are in opposing directions from the center of his model conflict with each other. 19. Trevor is an overachiever. His brother calls him ambitious and power hungry. Trevor exemplifies the _______ dimension. A. self-transcendence B. self-enhancement C. self-awareness D. self-management E. self-leadership AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Self-enhancement is the pursuit of one’s own interests and relative success and dominance over others (power, achievement). 20. _____ is defined by order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change. A. Conservation B. Security C. Conformity D. Traditionalism E. Stability AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Conservation is defined by order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change (i.e., security, conformity, tradition). 21. The two basic dimensions of Schwartz’s model of values are A. self-enhancement/self-transcendence and openness to change/conservation. B. strengths/weaknesses and opportunities/threats. 2-4 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. C. personal attitudes/work attitudes and cognitions/behaviors. D. commitment/engagement and satisfaction/dissatisfaction. E. involved/engaged and motivated/not motivated. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Figure 2.2 depicts self-enhancement/self-transcendence and openness to change/conservation as the two basic dimensions of values in Schwartz’s model. 22. The self-transcendence part of Schwartz’s model is composed of A. self-direction and stimulation. B. security and conformity. C. power and achievement. D. universalism and benevolence. E. achievement and hedonism. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: According to Figure 2.2, self-transcendence is composed of universalism and benevolence. 23. Horatio loves extreme sports and works as white-water rafting instructor. This reflects the values in the ____________ dimension of Schwartz’s model. A. conservation B. self-enhancement C. openness to change D. self-transcendence E. hedonism AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Schwartz’s Value Theory Feedback: Stimulation is in the openness to change part of Schwartz’s model. 24. ______ is defined by restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms. A. Benevolence B. Security C. Tradition D. Conformity E. Universalism AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Conformity is define by restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms (politeness, obedient, self-discipline, honoring parents and elders). 25. _________ are both elements of hedonism. A. Achievement and stimulation B. Self-enhancement and openness to change C. Self-transcendence and openness to change D. Stimulation and self-direction 2-5 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. E. Stimulation and power AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Hedonism shares elements of both openness to change and self-enhancement. 26. Samuel values his tradition and conformity. Not surprisingly, family time is very important to him. His employer, Stillman & Sons, expects him to work on holidays. Stillman & Sons and Samuel do not share the values of A. conservation. B. self-direction. C. self-transcendence. D. openess to change. E. self-enhancement. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: See Figure 2.2. Samuel and his company do not appear to value conformity, tradition, and security (which comprise conservation) equally. 27. Chris, a manager, knows that one of his employees values achievement and power. Chris should assign the employee to a job that includes A. high social value. B. high security. C. high self-direction. D. high conformity. E. high influence over others. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: According to Figure 2.2, people who value achievement and power seek control or dominance over people and resources. 28. Carla will graduate from her business program next month. She is happiest in jobs where she doesn’t know what will be waiting for her when she gets to work, and she excels at problem solving. Carla needs a career that involves A. security. B. benevolence. C. tradition. D. power. E. stimulation. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values Feedback: Carla enjoys a varied routine and a challenge. According to Figure 2.2, Carla values stimulation. Stimulation is excitement, novelty, and challenge in life (daring, a varied life, an exciting life). 29. Tanya believes that people should be kind to each other. She notices that Ellie is picking on a new employee, Michele. Tanya asks Ellie to stop bullying Michele, but Ellie’s behavior doesn’t change. Tanya confronts Ellie and a heated argument ensues, after which Tanya suggests that Ellie transfer to another department. In this case, Tanya’s ________ are different from her values. A. intentions B. abstract ideals C. personal beliefs D. personal goals 2-6 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. E. cognitions AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Workplace Attitudes Feedback: Personal attitudes affect behavior at a different level than do values. While values represent global beliefs that influence behavior across all situations, personal attitudes relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations. 30. Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _____________; attitudes relate to behavior __________. A. across all situations; toward specific targets B. toward specific targets; across all situations C. across all situations; toward people D. toward specific objects; toward specific people E. toward specific people; toward specific objects AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Workplace Attitudes Feedback: While values represent global beliefs that influence behavior across all situations, personal attitudes relate only to behavior directed toward specific objects, persons, or situations. 31. The components of attitudes include A. values, beliefs, and emotions. B. affective, cognitive, and behavioral. C. personal and workplace. D. perceived and real. E. public and personal. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Workplace Attitudes Feedback: The three components of attitudes are affective, cognitive, and behavioral. 32. Tony believes that cell phone use—even in restaurants—helps people manage their busy lives. Tony’s belief reflects the __________ component of his attitude. A. behavioral B. objective C. cognitive D. normative E. affective AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Workplace Attitudes Feedback: The cognitive component of an attitude reflects the beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation. All three components influence our behavior. You are unlikely to say anything to someone using a cell phone in a restaurant if you are not irritated by this behavior (affective), if you believe cell phone use helps people to manage their lives (cognitive), and if you have no intention of confronting this individual (behavioral). 33. Sally doesn’t complain to a man smoking in the nonsmoking section of a restaurant because it doesn’t bother her. This lack of irritation reflects the ______ component of her attitude. She is neutral toward people smoking in restaurants. A. behavioral B. intellectual C. cognitive D. normative E. affective AACSB: Analytical Thinking 2-7 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Affective Component Feedback: The affective component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation. You are unlikely to say anything to someone in this situation if you are not irritated by this behavior (affective). 34. The president of American Systems announces that all employees will be going on a trip to San Francisco. Some employees like the idea and some don’t. According to the _________ component of attitudes, these evaluations reflect the feelings of the employees. A. behavioral B. affective C. cognitive D. normative E. intellectual AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Affective Component Feedback: The affective component of an attitude contains the feelings or emotions one has about a given object or situation. 35. The head of ABC Company announces that the company is going to start a weekend project teaching self-defense techniques to underprivileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decides to register for the project, as he is a trained kickboxer. This action of Thomas reflects the __________ component of his attitude. A. behavioral B. affective C. cognitive D. normative E. intellectual AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Behavioral Component Feedback: The behavioral component refers to how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something. 36. Dawn is at the playground with her four-year-old daughter. The father of another child is yelling and cursing at him. Dawn decides to tell the father to stop the verbal abuse or leave the playground, or she will call the authorities. Dawn’s behavior reflects the _______ component of her attitude. A. intellectual B. affective C. cognitive D. behavioral E. value AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Behavioral Component Feedback: The behavioral component refers to how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something. 37. _________ is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions. A. perceived stress B. counterproductive work behavior C. psychological dissonance D. cognitive dissonance E. affective discomfort AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Cognitive Dissonance 2-8 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Feedback: Cognitive dissonance represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions). 38. As a senior student representative on the ethics advisory board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college exams is unethical. You never cheated on any exam. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick “peek” at your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort? A. job detachment B. cognitive dissonance C. emotional labor D. emotional dissonance E. affective detachment AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Cognitive Dissonance Feedback: Cognitive dissonance represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions). 39. Jane hates the idea of child labor. She works for a company that claims that it doesn’t employ children. However, news reports accuse the company of employing young children overseas. ______ is the psychological discomfort that Jane is experiencing since she heard this news. A. Cognitive dissonance B. Emotional labor C. Behavioral intention D. Emotional dissonance E. Intelligence disunity AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Cognitive Dissonance Feedback: Cognitive dissonance represents the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions). 40. ___________ are the key links between ___________ in Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior. A. Attitudes; intentions and planned behavior B. Intentions; attitudes and planned behavior C. Norms; intentions and planned behavior D. Intentions; norms and attitudes E. Perceived behaviors; intentions and planned behavior AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Organizational Behavior Feedback: Ajzen developed and refined a model focusing on intentions as the key link between attitudes and planned behavior. See Figure 2.3. 41. Eleanor wants to be sure that the final team project in a senior capstone course is of top quality. Jerome, another team member, just wants to get it done quickly. Using Alzen’s model, what can Eleanor do to try and encourage Jerome to work hard? A. Create a positive attitude. B. Use emotional blackmail. C. Show behavioral intent. D. Express emotional dissonance. E. Enforce cognitive dissonance. AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Cognitive Dissonance 2-9 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Feedback: Ajzen’s model can help Eleanor. She can create a positive attitude toward contributing high-quality work by telling Jerome that getting a good grade on the project will increase everyone’s chances of getting higher grades for the course and ultimately a better job upon graduation. 42. Which of the following is not a key workplace attitude that managers should track? A. job satisfaction B. employee engagement C. perceived organizational support D. organizational commitment E. turnover AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Feedback: Savvy managers will track four key workplace attitudes: organizational commitment, employee engagement, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction. Turnover is an outcome, not an attitude. 43. Low job satisfaction and low employee engagement can lead to A. lower employee turnover. B. low task performance. C. increased task performance. D. increased commitment. E. improved communication. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Feedback: Low job satisfaction and low employee engagement imply lower task performance and higher employee turnover. 44. ______ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals. A. Perceived organizational support B. Organizational commitment C. Organizational satisfaction D. Job involvement E. Job satisfaction AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Organizational Commitment Feedback: Organizational commitment reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals. 45. Lennie loves her job at Vail Corporation. She is even a community ambassador. Lennie exhibits all of the following qualities except A. pessimism. B. urgency. C. focus. D. intensity. E. enthusiasm. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Organizational Commitment Feedback: Engaged employees “give their all” at work. They exhibit urgency, focus, intensity, and enthusiasm. 46. Claire works for Content Consultants. She telecommutes and has great flexibility in her work schedule. In return, Content Consultants expects to have satisfied clients who hire them again. Claire receives consistently high evaluations. Despite that, the company now wants her to work out of the main office. Claire feels that Content Consultants has breached a(n) 2-10 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. A. employee engagement. B. job involvement. C. organizational citizenship behavior. D. psychological contract. E. cognitive expectation. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Psychological Contracts Feedback: Psychological contracts represent individuals’ perceptions about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between them and their organization. 47. Janice creates advertising slogans for the advertising firm that employs her. She works with beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations about what she is entitled to receive in return for what she provides to the organization. A(n) ________ represents Janice’s beliefs. A. high level of emotional labor B. employment contract C. high normative commitment D. high affective commitment E. psychological contract AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Psychological Contracts Feedback: Psychological contracts represent individuals’ perceptions about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between them and their organization. 48. Research shows that when an organization breaches a psychological contract, A. employees are likely to be less committed and satisfied, but their performance and intentions to quit are not affected. B. employees are likely to be less committed and satisfied, without their performance being affect, but they are also more likely to quit. C. employees are likely to be less committed and satisfied and more likely to quit, and their performance is likely to be lower. D. employees are likely to be less committed and satisfied and have lower job performance, but are not more likely to quit. E. this has no effect on employee satisfaction, commitment, intentions to quit, or job performance. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Psychological Contracts Feedback: Research shows that an employer breach of the psychological contract is associated with lower organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance, and greater intentions to quit. 49. ________ is the harnessing of organization members’ selves to their work roles. A. Employee involvement B. Employee engagement C. Organization commitment D. Job satisfaction E. Organizational citizenship behavior AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Employee Engagement Feedback: Kahn defined employee engagement as “the harnessing of organization members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance.” 50. You value achievement and your employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, so you are very committed to the company. _____ fit is the consistency between personal and company values. A. Person-culture B. Person-behavioral 2-11 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. C. Employee-employer D. Values-attitude fit E. Intrinsic-extrinsic AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Organizational Commitment Feedback: If you value achievement and your employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, you are more likely to be committed to the company. This consistency between personal and company values is called person-culture fit. 51. Which of the following is not a factor in contributing to employee engagement? A. high levels of conscientiousness B. high levels of stress C. charismatic managers D. recognition E. motivating jobs AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Employee Engagement Feedback: Engagement is higher when employees are not confronted with a lot of stressors. 52. Angela works for a company that does not provide good health benefits or career opportunities. Her _____ is most likely to be negative. A. OCB B. CWB C. POS D. TPB E. OB AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Social Support Feedback: Perceived organizational support (POS) reflects the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being. 53. The idea of perceived organizational support is that if treated well, employees are motivated by A. the norm of reciprocity. B. cognitive dissonance. C. met expectations. D. the psychological contract. E. dispositional factors. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Social Support Feedback: The basic idea is that people are willing to work hard and commit to their organizations when they believe that the company “truly” cares about their best interest. Quite simply, we are motivated by the norm of reciprocity when someone treats us well. The norm of reciprocity obliges the return of favorable treatment. 54. When Daniel’s daughter got seriously ill, his boss Kyle and fellow employees went to the HR department and arranged to donate some of their sick leave to him so he could spend more time with his family. Daniel is most likely to be experiencing A. job satisfaction. B. OCB C. POS D. engagement. E. value attainment. 2-12 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Social Support Feedback: Perceived organizational support (POS) reflects the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being. Daniel most likely feels he is genuinely cared about when his boss and fellow workers donate their sick time to him. 55. Job satisfaction across the United States has gone up, according to a national survey conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management. The top three facets of satisfaction include A. feeling safe at work, having good relationships with coworkers, and substantial vacation time. B. solid health care, having good relationships with coworkers, and a clear career path. C. opportunities for advancement, good pay, and having a good relationship with an immediate supervisor. D. feeling safe at work, good pay, and good benefits. E. feeling safe at work, having good relationships with coworkers, and having a good relationship with an immediate supervisor. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: A national survey conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management assessed 43 facets of job satisfaction for 600 US employees. Results revealed that 86 percent were satisfied with their jobs in 2014, the highest level since 2004. The top three facets of satisfaction were feeling safe at work, having good relationships with coworkers, and having a good relationship with an immediate supervisor. 56. In some cases, coworkers or friends remain satisfied in situations where others always seem dissatisfied. This is a reflection of the _____ model. A. need fulfillment B. dispositional/genetic C. value attainment D. equity E. met expectation AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: The dispositional/genetic model posits that job satisfaction is a function of both personal traits and genetic factors. The model implies that stable individual differences are at least as powerful as characteristics of the work environment in their impact on satisfaction. 57. Which of the following is not one of the predominant models of the causes of job satisfaction? A. Value attainment B. Dispositional factors C. Cognitive dissonance D. Equity E. Met expectations AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: OB has developed numerous concepts to improve our understanding of job satisfaction, including need fulfillment, met expectations, value attainment, equity, and dispositional/genetic components. 58. Waco Company monitors employees’ perceptions of fairness by quarterly surveys and occasional focus groups. Management is following the _____ model. A. met expectations B. need fulfillment C. equity D. value attainment E. dispositional components 2-13 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: The equity model proposes that management monitor employees’ perceptions of fairness and interact with them so they feel fairly treated. 59. The idea underlying the __________ model is that satisfaction is tied to how fairly an individual is treated at work. A. met expectations B. need fulfillment C. equity D. value attainment E. dispositional components AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: The idea underlying the equity model is that satisfaction is tied to how fairly an individual is treated at work. 60. Carlos works at Tyner Construction Company as an assistant project manager. His manager assured him that if his projects came in on time and under budget, he would be promoted within a year. At nine months, Carlo is promoted to project manager. This is an example of A. met expectations. B. need fulfillment. C. equity. D. value attainment. E. dispositional components. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: When expectations are greater than what is received, a person will be dissatisfied. On the other hand, he or she will be satisfied when outcomes are above and beyond expectations. Research strongly supports the conclusion that met expectations are significantly related to job satisfaction. 61. The _________ model suggests that managers should structure the work environment and rewards to match employees. A. met expectations B. need fulfillment C. equity D. value attainment E. dispositional components AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: The idea underlying value attainment is that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual’s important values. Managers can thus enhance employee satisfaction by structuring the work environment and its associated rewards and recognition to reinforce employees’ values. 62. ________ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. A. Attitudes B. Values C. Cognitions D. Needs E. Expectations AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy 2-14 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Needs are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. 63. Genevieve is a very religious person who does volunteer work for her church on weekends. When it came to selecting who would chair the United Fund drive for the department, her manager immediately thought of her and asked her to serve. The manager’s action reflects the __________ model of job satisfaction. A. dispositional components B. value attainment C. met expectations D. need fulfillment E. equity AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: The value attainment model says that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual’s important values. 64. Luis has just learned that Brian, who has less experience and who does less work, receives a higher salary. Since learning this, Luis has been very unhappy and has started to look for another job. What model of job satisfaction best explains Luis’s reactions? A. dispositional components B. value attainment C. met expectations D. need fulfillment E. equity AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Equity Theory Feedback: Equity theory builds on the notion that satisfaction ties to how fairly an individual is treated at work. Satisfaction results from one’s perception that work outcomes, relative to inputs, compare favorably with a significant other’s outcomes/inputs. 65. ______ is one element that allows employees to balance their work lives and family lives. A. Flextime B. Telecommuting C. Stress management D. Job involvement E. Cognitive dissonance AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Technology Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Telecommuting allows employees to do all or some of their work from home, using advanced telecommunications technology and Internet tools to send work electronically from home to the office and vice versa. 66. Jason is working at Sushow Motors. The position, as originally described, involved conducting research with customers. Instead, Jason is answering phones and filing. He’s very unhappy and thinks he should find another job. This thought process is A. withdrawal cognitions. B. employee review. C. perceived stress. D. organizational behavior. E. job dissatisfaction. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy 2-15 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Although some people quit their jobs impulsively or in a fit of anger, most first go through a process of thinking about whether they should quit. Withdrawal cognitions capture this thought process by representing an individual’s overall thoughts and feelings about quitting. 67. _________ is the psychological process that arouses our interest in doing something. A. Involvement B. Engagement C. Motivation D. Citizenship E. Commitment AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Motivating Factors Feedback: Employee motivation represents a psychological process that arouses our interest in doing something, and it directs and guides our behavior. 68. Mason is highly satisfied with his job. He receives consistently strong evaluations and volunteers to train new employees. Mason exhibits positive job performance and A. community involvement. B. organizational citizenship behaviors. C. genetic components. D. withdrawal cognitions. E. personal motivation. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Job satisfaction has a positive association with two constructive individual-level behavioral outcomes—job performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). 69. ______ is an individual’s overall thoughts and feelings about quitting. A. Withdrawal attitudes B. Withdrawal cognitions C. Withdrawal values D. Cognitive dissonance E. Psychological dissonance AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Withdrawal cognitions represent an individual’s overall thoughts and feelings about quitting. 70. Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays as well as her current job. Additionally, she is concerned about finding another organization that offers college tuition reimbursement. Based on this information, Kim is experiencing A. inequity. B. withdrawal cognitions. C. emotional detachment. D. affective dissonance. E. unmet expectations. AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Withdrawal cognitions represent an individual’s overall thoughts and feelings about quitting. 2-16 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 71. Elaine often volunteers to help others when they run into problems with their projects. She is very positive, always on time, and never calls in sick. Exhibiting ________ is likely to create positive impressions among Elaine’s colleagues and manager. A. TPB B. CWB C. OCB D. POS E. OB AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Exhibiting OCBs (organizational citizenship behavior) is likely to create positive impressions about you among your colleagues and manager. In turn, these impressions affect your ability to work with others, your manager’s evaluation of your performance, and ultimately your promotability. 72. According to research, the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is best summarized by which of the following statements? A. Higher levels of job satisfaction lead to higher job performance. B. Higher levels of job performance lead to higher job satisfaction. C. Both variables indirectly influence each other. D. These variables are both caused by personality factors. E. There is no relationship between job performance and job satisfaction. AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Researchers now believe job satisfaction and job performance indirectly influence each other through a host of person factors and environmental characteristics contained in the Organizing Framework. 73. Kiki is a manager of a small boutique gift store. She only has two employees, Tim and Sandra. Tim is a part-time student and is happy with the amount of work he has at the store. Sandra works full-time, but seems to be less interested and increasingly remote at work. Kiki asks Sandra if anything is wrong, and Sandra says she is bored and thinking of leaving. Kiki knows that Sandra paints as a hobby and suggests that she might want to take over the store and window displays. Sandra is really excited about the opportunity. This is an example of a manager who is A. focusing on customer service. B. motivated to move up in the organization. C. addressing the employee’s stress levels. D. enhancing the employee’s job satisfaction. E. confronting an employee about her problems. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Kiki is trying to reduce employee turnover by enhancing employee job satisfaction. 74. Discretionary individual behavior that promotes the effective functioning of the organization is called organizational citizenship behavior. ______ is an example of OCB. A. Expressing criticism of management decisions B. Focusing on your job and letting other people handle their projects C. Allowing new staff to learn about the company on their own D. Respecting the spirit as well as the letter of housekeeping rules E. Usually attending staff meetings on time AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Citizenship 2-17 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Feedback: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is defined as individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. Examples include: • Constructive statements about the department. • Expression of personal interest in the work of others. • Suggestions for improvement. • The training of new people. • Respect for the spirit as well as the letter of housekeeping rules. • Care for organizational property. • Punctuality and attendance well beyond standard or enforceable levels. 75. Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) harms other employees, the organization as a whole, and/or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders. Which of the following is an example of CWB? A. constantly arriving late for meetings B. gossiping about a co-worker C. presenting poor financial results at the quarterly meeting D. checking social media at work E. putting lunch with a friend on your expense account AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Counterproductive Behavior Feedback: Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) represents behavior that harms other employees, the organization as a whole, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders. Examples include: • Bullying • Theft • Gossiping • Backstabbing • Drug and alcohol abuse • Destruction of organizational property • Violence • Deliberately poor or incorrect work • Internet surfing for personal reasons • Excessive socializing • Tardiness • Sabotage • Sexual harassment 76. Juliet often takes office supplies home for her personal use. This is an example of A. OCB. B. COW. C. CWB. D. POS. E. EEG. AACSB: Knowledge Application Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Counterproductive Behavior Feedback: Examples of CWBs include bullying, theft, gossiping, backstabbing, drug and alcohol abuse, destroying organizational property, violence, purposely doing bad or incorrect work, surfing the Internet for personal use, excessive socializing, tardiness, sabotage, and sexual harassment. 77. As demonstrated by research, ___________ is positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. A. higher performance ratings and lower organizational costs B. higher performance ratings and higher turnover C. lower customer satisfaction and lower turnover D. higher absenteeism and turnover E. lower efficiency and higher customer satisfaction AACSB: Analytical Thinking 2-18 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Citizenship Feedback: OCBs are significantly related to both individual level consequences (e.g., performance appraisal ratings, intentions to quit, absenteeism, and turnover) and organizational-level outcomes (e.g., productivity, efficiency, lower costs, customer satisfaction, and unit-level satisfaction and turnover). 78. Which of the following is not a suggestion for managers who want to reduce voluntary turnover? A. Foster employee engagement. B. Create effective orientation programs. C. Reward all employees equally. D. Hire people who “fit” the organization’s culture. E. Provide clear expectations of the job. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Managers can reduce voluntary turnover if they: (1) Hire people who “fit” within the organization’s culture; (2) Spend time fostering employee engagement; (3) Provide effective onboarding, which helps employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities; (4) Recognize and reward high performers because they are more likely to quit than average performers. 79. Letitia reports to work at Apex Inc. This is her first day. Human resources tells Letitia to report to a conference room so that she can review the company’s mission statement and policies, go over her job description, and learn about the technology systems in use. This type of experience is an ______ program. A. incoming B. onboarding C. involvement D. introductory E. engagement AACSB: Analytical Thinking Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: 1 Easy Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Feedback: Onboarding programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs by making them familiar with corporate policies, procedures, culture, and politics by clarifying work-role expectations and responsibilities. 80. Explain Schwartz’s model of values. Identify two of your own values. Are these values adjacent, farther apart or opposing? Describe a situation that you faced and how your resolution reflects these values. Schwartz proposed that broad values motivate our behavior across any context. He categorized these values into two opposing or bipolar dimensions, as outlined in Table 2.1. The first dimension ranges from concern for the welfare of others (which Schwartz calls self-transcendence) to pursuit of one’s own interests (self-enhancement). The second dimension ranges from self-directed independence (which Schwartz calls openness to change) to conformity (conservation). Schwartz stressed that it is the relative importance we give to these two dimensions of opposing values that drives our behavior. For example, if you value achievement (self-enhancement) over universalism (self-transcendence), you will spend your evening studying hard to get an A in this class rather than attending a meeting about fighting climate change. AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Topic: Values 81. Monica leads a team of six people hired to implement a new onboarding technology at High Systems & Co. Everyone has their assignment, but Stephen (who is in charge of researching and updating company policies) who has been lax in submitting his information. This delay can jeopardize the due date. Using Ajzen’s model of planned change, explain how Monica can better manage Stephen. Ajzen developed and refined a model depicted in Figure 2.3 focusing on intentions as the key link between attitudes and planned behavior. Managers may be able to influence behavioral change by doing or saying things that affect the three determinants of employees’ intentions to exhibit a specific 2-19 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. behavior: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. In the workplace, one of the simplest levers managers can use to change behavior is information. Monica can try to create a positive attitude toward contributing high-quality work. She can explain the importance of the project deadline to everyone, and how it can impact Stephen personally. She can ensure that all other team members are doing their job. And she can ask Stephen about any obstacles getting in the way of high-quality work and discuss solutions for overcoming them. AACSB: Knowledge Application Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Topic: Organizational Behavior 82. Why is it important for managers to pay attention to workplace attitudes? In your personal experience, is there one attitude that is more important than others? Describe the attitude and provide an example. Managers should track a limited number of workplace attitudes to gauge how the organization is doing. Savvy managers will track four key workplace attitudes: organizational commitment, employee engagement, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction. That is because these attitudinal measures serve a dual purpose. First, they represent important outcomes that managers may be working to enhance directly. Second, they link to other significant outcomes that managers will want to improve where possible. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Workplace Attitudes 83. Peter works for HR Associates. He is asked to present a report on the importance of organizational commitment and explain how managers can increase employees’ organizational commitment. Create an outline for Peter’s presentation. 1. Organizational commitment reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals. 2. Organizational commitment exists to the degree that a person’s values generally match the values that undergird a company’s organizational culture. 3. Three general best practices and approaches are: • Hire people whose personal values align with the organization’s values. • Make sure that management does not breach its psychological contracts. • Explicitly and conscientiously enhance the level of trust throughout the organization. AACSB: Knowledge Application Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Organizational Commitment 84. PWCB is a large management consulting firm, created as a result of the merger of two smaller companies. The corporate culture was different in both of the original companies. Despite addressing this difference, turnover is higher than expected and productivity is lower than anticipated. What can management do to address employee engagement? Employee engagement is defined as “the harnessing of organization members’ selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance.” Gallup estimates that when an organization’s employees are highly engaged, it can achieve 12 percent higher customer satisfaction/loyalty, 18 percent more productivity, and 12 percent greater profitability. One way to increase employee engagement is to make sure that the inputs in the Organizing Framework are positively oriented. Organizations do this by measuring, tracking, and responding to surveys of employee engagement. Then, management can address some of the more significant issues. AACSB: Knowledge Application Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Employee Engagement 85. What is “perceived organizational support”? How does it impact employees? How can managers foster POS? Can you describe a personal experience in which your POS was positive negative? Perceived organizational support (POS) reflects the extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being. People are willing to work hard and commit to their organizations when they believe that the company “truly” cares about their best interest. We are motivated by the norm of reciprocity when someone treats us well. POS can be increased by treating employees fairly, by avoiding political behavior, by providing job security, by giving people more autonomy, by reducing stressors in the work environment, and by eliminating abusive supervision. AACSB: Knowledge Application Blooms: Apply Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. Topic: Social Support 2-20 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 86. The energy industry is under pressure from increased government regulations and environmental agency scrutiny. As a result, Sampson Coal Co. has suffered financial setbacks and reduced benefits and hours. Sampson Coal Co. suffers from low productivity, a high absence rate, pilfering, and increased turnover. Management sends out an employee satisfaction survey, but receives few responses (even though the survey is anonymous). What is the overall state of job satisfaction at Sampson? What steps can management take? Job satisfaction essentially reflects the extent to which an individual likes his or her job. Formally defined, job satisfaction is an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one’s job. A person can be relatively satisfied with one aspect of her or his job and dissatisfied with one or more other aspects. Because employees didn’t respond to the survey, management can start with “listening sessions” to enhance engagement. Then consider: 1. How can you get a higher survey response? (A raffle? Free coffee? Time to answer the survey at work?) 2. Can you address the big picture concerns (for example, worry about the future of the coal industry), as well as company-specific concerns? 3. Address the concerns in terms of (1) need fulfillment, (2) met expectations, and (3) equity. 4. Management can also commit to sending updates on their plans to protect workers. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 87. Describe the need fulfillment models of job satisfaction. Discuss research support for these models. Need fulfillment models propose that satisfaction is determined by the extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill her or his needs. Needs are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. All of us have different needs, which means that managers need to learn about employees’ needs if they want to increase job satisfaction. Research generally supports the conclusion that need fulfillment is correlated with job satisfaction. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 88. Describe the met expectations models of job satisfaction. Provide a specific example of needs that are met and of those that are not met. These models propose that satisfaction results from how well expectations are met. Met expectations represent the difference between what an individual expects to receive from a job, such as good pay and promotional opportunities, and what the individual actually receives. When expectations are greater than what is received, a person will be dissatisfied. In contrast, this model predicts that an individual will be satisfied when he or she attains outcomes above and beyond expectations. Research strongly supports the conclusion that met expectations are significantly related to job satisfaction. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 89. Bullying includes various behaviors. It can be acts of physical aggression, such as pushing, pinching, or cornering. It can be verbal taunts and threats, such as name calling, jokes at someone’s expense, and humiliation. It can be relational aggression, such as gossip, rumors, and social isolation. It can be cyber-aggression, such as posting negative or derogatory images, text messages, or e-mail. Describe a situation of bullying that you have seen or experienced. What happened? How could you have dealt with this situation better? What was the end result? Bullying occurs when an individual experiences a number of negative behaviors repeatedly over a period of time. Short-term effects of being bullied include increased anxiety, panic attacks, health-related symptoms, and counterproductive behavior along with decreased job satisfaction, self-esteem, attendance at work, and job performance. Long term, bullying can lead to employee turnover, depression, symptoms akin to post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide. If you are a target of bullying, you can: • • • • • Keep a record. Plan your interactions. Confront the bully. Escalate the situation. Stay calm, but take care of yourself. AACSB: Analytical Thinking 2-21 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. 90. Wanderlust Tech Group creates new video games. The staff consists of young, tech-savvy college graduates. Over 80 percent of employees in this close-knit company are recognized “gamers.” They have fun together in and out of work. Recently, management has noticed increased turnover and teams have missed several project deadlines. The company changed its hiring criteria about eight months ago to include values associated with self-transcendence and conservation. Human Resources feels that these traits are consistent with the company’s vision and goals. A recent employee attitude survey showed that younger employees prefer to work in autonomous teams in which they have more latitude over how the work gets done. While management likes the value of autonomy, it believes that teams need a team leader. The survey further showed that employees desire more recognition and more career paths. The company is relatively small and there are not many managerial positions that can be used for promotions. Results confirmed high levels of employee commitment and perceived organizational support. Some of the more tenured employees have become disgruntled about the salaries paid to new hires. New hires are making only a few thousand dollars a year less than more experienced people. The company feels that it’s progressive policy about telecommuting allows employees to work from home and should allay any complaints about pay. Using the 3-Step Problem-Solving Approach, describe how management can address these issues. Wanderlust hires young graduates who love excitement, need stimulation and are self-directed. Of course, there is a normal amount of turnover in first jobs within a year or so. But that hasn’t been the case here in the past. Using the Organizing Framework: Step 1. Define the problem: Is it attitudes toward work? Well-being/flourishing? Step 2. Identify the causes: Consider changes in personal values and attitudes. What about the situation factors? Step 3. Make recommendations: How can management change the attitudes and maintain staff? AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Organizational Commitment 91. Describe the dispositional/genetic models of job satisfaction. Discuss the research support for these models. Now, think about your own personal traits and genetic factors. What are your two strongest traits? How do these traits correlate to activities that you find satisfying? This model posits that job satisfaction remains partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors. Although few studies have tested these propositions in depth, a review of existing literature reveals a more nuanced understanding. Dispositional factors were significantly associated with only selected aspects of job satisfaction. Dispositions had stronger relationships with intrinsic aspects of a job (e.g., having autonomy) than with extrinsic aspects of work (e.g., receipt of rewards). Genetic factors also were found to significantly predict life satisfaction, well-being, and general job satisfaction. Overall, researchers estimate that 30 percent of an individual’s job satisfaction is associated with dispositional and genetic components. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 2 Medium Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 92. Viola works as a paralegal for a successful personal injury firm. The firm is now advertising on television, and she is asked to handle the research for three partners. Viola suggests that they hire an additional paralegal, but the partners want to wait until the next year. Viola is experiencing headaches on a daily basis. She can’t sleep at night, worrying about how she’s going to get her work down. Viola is beginning to think that she needs to find a new job. The partners want to keep Viola with the firm. Analyze this situation and make recommendations to the partners. Stress has negative effects on many different OB-related outcomes. For instance, stress is positively related to absenteeism, turnover, coronary heart disease, and viral infections. As expected, perceived stress has a strong, negative relationship to job satisfaction. Perceived stress also was found to be negatively associated with employee engagement. Managers should attempt to reduce the negative effects of stress by improving job satisfaction and by encouraging employees to detach from work during off-job time (i.e., stop thinking about work, and “don’t take it home with you”). AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 93. Discuss what research has found about the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction. This is more complicated than it might first appear. OB experts have identified at least eight ways in which these variables are related. The dominant theories are either that satisfaction causes performance or performance causes satisfaction. A team of researchers recently attempted to resolve this controversy, and made two key findings: (1) Job satisfaction and performance were moderately related. This is an important finding because it supports the belief that employee job satisfaction is a key workplace attitude which managers should consider when attempting to increase employees’ job performance. 2-22 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. (2) The relationship is complex. It is not that one directly influences the other or vice versa. Rather, researchers now believe that both variables indirectly influence each other through a host of personal factors and environmental characteristics. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction 94. What is OCB? Why does it matter to managers? Now provide an example of how OCB applies to your life in college. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is defined as individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. This definition highlights two key points: OCBs are voluntary; and OCBs help work groups and the organization to effectively achieve goals. OCBs have a moderately positive correlation with job satisfaction. Moreover, OCBs are significantly related to both individual-level consequences and organizational-level outcomes. These are important for two reasons. (1) Exhibiting OCBs is likely to create positive impressions among colleagues and managers. In turn, these impressions affect ability to work with others, manager evaluations of performance, and ultimately promotability. (2) The aggregate amount of employees’ OCBs affects important organizational outcomes. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Citizenship 95. What is CWB? Why does this matter to managers? Now provide an example of how CWB applies to your life currently. Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) has a strong, negative relationship with job satisfaction. This means that it is important for managers to find ways to reduce CWB. This can be done in three key ways: (1) Organizations can limit CWBs by hiring individuals who are less prone to engage in this type of behavior. (2) Organizations should ensure they are motivating desired behaviors and not CWBs, for example, by designing jobs that promote satisfaction and by preventing abusive supervision. (3) If an employee does engage in CWBs, the organization should respond quickly and appropriately, defining the specific behaviors that are unacceptable and the requirements for acceptable behavior. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Counterproductive Behavior 96. Berto manages a staff of 10 at a local restaurant. Based on customer satisfaction surveys and YELP reviews, he knows that some of his staff are not providing adequate customer service. Berto lost his summer help and is already short-staffed. He is torn between finding enough qualified servers and meeting customer expectations. Under what circumstances is organizational turnover good or bad? Turnover: Consider the pros and cons of turnover. Turnover can be a good thing when a low-performing person quits or is fired. In contrast, losing a good employee is bad because the organization loses valuable human and social capital, and it can be costly. Job satisfaction has a moderately strong, negative relationship with turnover. Managers can reduce voluntary turnover if they: (1) Hire people who “fit” within the organization’s culture. (2) Spend time fostering employee engagement. (3) Provide effective onboarding. (4) Recognize and reward high performers because they are more likely to quit than average performers. AACSB: Analytical Thinking Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Job Satisfaction Category AACSB: Analytical Thinking AACSB: Ethics AACSB: Knowledge Application AACSB: Technology Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Apply Blooms: Remember Blooms: Understand Difficulty: 1 Easy Difficulty: 2 Medium Difficulty: 3 Hard Learning Objective: 02-01 Summarize the role that values play in influencing your behavior. Learning Objective: 02-02 Explain how personal attitudes affect workplace behavior and work-related outcomes. Learning Objective: 02-03 Explain why it is important for management to pay attention to workplace attitudes. # of Questions 80 18 17 1 79 19 51 26 30 35 31 19 16 21 2-23 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Learning Objective: 02-04 Explain the types of workplace changes managers can make to improve job satisfaction. Learning Objective: 02-05 List and explain the work-related outcomes associated with job satisfaction. Topic: Affective Component Topic: Behavioral Component Topic: Citizenship Topic: Cognitive Dissonance Topic: Counterproductive Behavior Topic: Employee Engagement Topic: Equity Theory Topic: Job Satisfaction Topic: Motivating Factors Topic: Organizational Behavior Topic: Organizational Commitment Topic: Psychological Contracts Topic: Schwartz’s Value Theory Topic: Social Support Topic: Values Topic: Workplace Attitudes 18 22 2 2 3 4 3 5 1 31 2 3 6 3 1 5 17 5 2-24 Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.