Test Bank For Information Technology Project Management, 9th Edition

Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context True / False 1. Project managers should lead projects in isolation in order to truly serve the needs of the organization. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: Even though projects are temporary and intended to provide a unique product or service, you cannot run projects in isolation. If project managers lead projects in isolation, it is unlikely that they will ever truly serve the needs of the organization. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 2. Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management. If top management and project managers are to understand how projects relate to the whole organization, they must follow a systems philosophy. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 7:23 PM 3. Systems analysis addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context RATIONALE: Feedback: Systems management addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p. 49 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: o Reflective Thinking – BUSPROG: Analytic skills: Statistics and Management Science TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 7:24 PM 4. Project managers and their teams must recognize the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization instead of focusing on the immediate concerns of the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: Although it is easier to focus on the immediate and sometimes narrow concerns of a particular project, project managers and other staff must recognize the effects of any project on the interests and needs of the entire system or organization. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.50 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 7:26 PM 5. When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: When you integrate business and organizational issues into project management planning and look at projects as a series of interrelated phases, you do a better job of ensuring project success. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context REFERENCES: p.51 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 6. According to the symbolic frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: The symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings. In this frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.53 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 7. Most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations. Only faculty members in the business department teach business courses; faculty in the history department teach history; faculty in the art department teach art, and so on. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.54 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context TOPICS: KEYWORDS: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: Understanding Organizations Bloom’s: Knowledge 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 5/7/2018 7:31 PM 8. An organization that uses a project organizational structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: A project organizational structure is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers or vice presidents reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete the projects within their programs. An organization that uses this structure earns its revenue primarily from performing projects for other groups under contract. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.54 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 9. Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. 55 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context 10. The project organizational structure is the most efficient choice for most IT projects. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: The project organizational structure is often inefficient for the company as a whole. Assigning staff full time to a project often creates underutilization and misallocation of staff resources. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. 55 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 7:35 PM 11. Most people believe that the underlying causes of many companies’ problems can be traced to its organizational structure. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: Organizational culture is very powerful, and many people believe the underlying causes of many companies’ problems are not in the organizational structure or staff; they are in the culture. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 12. The same organization can have different subcultures. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: It is also important to note that the same organization can have different subcultures. The IT department may have a different organizational culture than the finance Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context department, for example. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 13. An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager’s job more difficult. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: Most project managers strive for strong unit integration to deliver a successful product, service, or result. An organizational culture with strong unit integration makes the project manager’s job easier. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: o Reflective Thinking – BUSPROG: Analytic skills: Statistics and Management Science TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/14/2018 9:58 AM 14. Project work is most successful in an organizational culture where activities are organized around individuals. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: Project work is most successful in organizations in which work activities are organized around groups or teams, rather than individuals. An organizational culture that emphasizes group work is best for managing projects. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: True / False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 15. Internal stakeholders include groups affected by the project such as government officials or concerned citizens. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: External project stakeholders include the project’s customers (if they are external to the organization), competitors, suppliers, and other external groups potentially involved in the project or affected by it, such as government officials or concerned citizens. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 16. Project managers must take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: Because the purpose of project management is to meet project requirements and satisfy stakeholders, it is critical that project managers take adequate time to identify, understand, and manage relationships with all project stakeholders. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58-59 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 17. The best way to sustain a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: The best way to kill a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.60 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 18. Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization. If certain functional managers are not responding to project managers’ requests for necessary information, top management must step in to encourage the functional managers to cooperate. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.60 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 19. Standards and guidelines to follow when performing project management must be devised by top management. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context RATIONALE: Feedback: The content of a project management plan and instructions for providing status information might seem like common sense to senior managers, but many new IT project managers have never created plans or created a nontechnical status report. Top management must support the development of these standards and guidelines, and encourage or even enforce their use. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.62 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 20. It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: In early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest and the level of uncertainty is highest. It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during latter phases. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.63 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 21. The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is the implementation phase. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: The last phase of the traditional project life cycle is finishing the project. It focuses on ensuring that project requirements were met and that the project sponsor approves completion of the project. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context REFERENCES: p.63 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 7:49 PM 22. An organization usually commits more money as a project continues, therefore a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True RATIONALE: Feedback: Because the organization usually commits more money as a project continues, a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.66 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 23. The nature of hardware development projects is more diverse than software-oriented projects. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: The nature of software development projects is even more diverse than hardwareoriented projects. A software development project might include creating a simple, standalone Microsoft Excel or Access application, or a sophisticated, global e-commerce system that uses state-of-the-art programming languages and runs on multiple platforms. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.67-68 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.13 – LO: 2-5 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context TOPICS: KEYWORDS: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: The Context of Information Technology Projects Bloom’s: Knowledge 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 24. The team members of a virtual team are all of the same nationality. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: A virtual team is a group of people who work together despite time and space boundaries using communication technologies. Team members might all work for the same company in the same country, or they might include employees as well as independent consultants, suppliers, or even volunteers providing their expertise from around the globe. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.71 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 25. Leadership style has no impact on the success of virtual teams. a. True b. False ANSWER: False RATIONALE: Feedback: The project manager’s leadership style affects all teams, especially virtual ones. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.72 QUESTION TYPE: True / False HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM Multiple Choice 26. Projects must operate in a broad organizational environment, and project managers need to consider projects within Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context the greater organizational context. Which approach describes the holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization? a. Linear analysis b. Systems thinking c. Reductionism d. The silo approach ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: To handle complex situations effectively, project managers need to take a holistic view of a project and understand how it relates to the larger organization. Systems thinking describes this holistic view of carrying out projects within the context of the organization. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:03 AM 27. Which problem-solving approach requires defining the scope of a system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs? a. Linear programming b. Independent component analysis c. Principal component analysis d. Systems analysis ANSWER: d RATIONALE: Feedback: Systems analysis is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 9:07 PM 28. Which perspective of an organization focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management? a. Structural frame b. Human resources frame c. Political frame d. Symbolic frame ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context RATIONALE: Feedback: The structural frame deals with how the organization is structured (usually depicted in an organizational chart) and focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management. This frame is very rational and focuses on coordination and control. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.52 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 9:09 PM 29. The _____ frame of an organization focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people. a. structural b. human resources c. political d. symbolic ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: The human resources (HR) frame focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people. It recognizes that mismatches can occur between the needs of the organization and those of individuals and groups, and works to resolve any potential problems. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.52 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 30. The symbolic perspective of an organization: a. focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management. b. views the organization as coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. c. focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people. d. focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization. ANSWER: d RATIONALE: Feedback: The symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings. In this frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context means. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.53 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:03 AM 31. Which perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups? a. Political frame b. Symbolic frame c. Structural frame d. Human resources frame ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: The political frame addresses organizational and personal politics. Politics in organizations take the form of competition among groups or individuals for power and leadership. The political frame assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.52 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:04 AM 32. Grey’s Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey’s have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company’s dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients’ through the salespeople’s clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization. a. political b. symbolic c. structural d. human resources ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: The symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings. In this frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means. The symbolic frame also relates to the company’s culture. How do people dress? How many hours do they work? How do they run meetings? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.53 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Application DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 33. In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines. Which type of organizational structure does Rizatti Corp have? a. Project b. Symbolic c. Matrix d. Functional ANSWER: d RATIONALE: Feedback: A functional organizational structure is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart. Functional managers or vice presidents in specialties such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report to the chief executive officer (CEO). POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.53-55 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analysis TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Application DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 10:46 PM 34. In a _____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functional ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: A project organizational structure also is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers or vice presidents reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.54 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 35. In a _____ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functional ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: A matrix organizational structure represents the middle ground between functional and project structures. Personnel often report both to a functional manager and one or more project managers. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. 55 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 36. In what type of organizational structure do project managers have the most authority? a. Functional b. Project c. Matrix d. Circular ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: Project managers have the most authority in a pure project organizational structure and the least amount of authority in a pure functional organizational structure. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.55 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 5/7/2018 10:52 PM 37. In what type of organizational structure do project managers have the least amount of authority? a. Functional b. Project c. Matrix d. Circular ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: Project managers have the most authority in a pure project organizational structure and the least amount of authority in a pure functional organizational structure. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: P.55 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 10:54 PM 38. Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure? a. In a matrix organizational structure, employees are organized into departments according to their skills, and there is little interaction between employees from different departments. b. Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from only a single functional area working on their projects. c. In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority. d. A matrix organizational structure is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO. ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.56 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:05 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context 39. _____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization. a. Chain of command b. Line of control c. Organizational culture d. Organizational structure ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: Organizational culture is a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization. It often includes elements of the four frames. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.51 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 40. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization? a. Member identity b. Group emphasis c. People focus d. Unit integration ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: The people focus characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. Good project managers often balance the needs of individuals and the organization. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 10:59 PM 41. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession? a. Member identity b. People focus c. Group emphasis d. Unit integration ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: Member identity refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:02 PM 42. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other? a. Member identity b. People focus c. Group emphasis d. Unit integration ANSWER: d RATIONALE: Feedback: Unit integration refers to the degree to which units or departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:06 AM 43. In organizational culture, what does people focus refer to? a. The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior c. The degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization d. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: People focus refers to the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/14/2018 10:06 AM 44. In organizational culture, what does means-end orientation refer to? a. The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior c. The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results d. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: Means-ends orientation refers to the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:08 PM 45. Which characteristic of organizational culture refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment? a. Means-ends orientation b. Open-systems focus c. Conflict tolerance d. Risk tolerance ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: Open-systems focus refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 20 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context TOPICS: KEYWORDS: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: Understanding Organizations Bloom’s: Knowledge 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 5/7/2018 11:10 PM 46. In organizational culture, what does control refer to? a. The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. The degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior c. The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results d. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: Control refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:11 PM 47. Select an example of external stakeholders for an organization. a. Top managers b. Functional managers c. Employees d. Competitors ANSWER: d RATIONALE: Feedback: External project stakeholders include the project’s customers (if they are external to the organization), competitors, suppliers, and other external groups potentially involved in the project or affected by it, such as government officials or concerned citizens. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:13 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 21 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context 48. Which term refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project? a. Deliverable b. Input c. System d. Resource ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: A deliverable is a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.63 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:08 AM 49. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle? a. In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest. b. In the later phases of the project life cycle, the level of uncertainty is usually the highest. c. It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases than the latter phases. d. More resources are usually needed during the initial phases of a project than during the middle or final phases. ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest and the level of uncertainty is highest. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.63 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:08 AM 50. In which product life cycle the scope, schedule, and cost are determined early, and changes to scope are carefully managed? a. Iterative b. Incremental c. Predictive d. Adaptive ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 22 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context Feedback: In the predictive life cycle the scope, schedule, and cost are determined early, and changes to scope are carefully managed. PMI also refers to predictive life cycles as waterfall. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.64 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic – Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:26 PM RATIONALE: 51. In which development life cycle do stakeholders define and approve the detailed scope before the start on an iteration? a. Adaptive b. Hybrid c. Incremental d. Iterative ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: In an adaptive life cycle: stakeholders define and approve the detailed scope before the start of an iteration, producing a useable product at the end of each iteration. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.64 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:10 AM 52. Which approach to product development is currently used by many organizations so a predictive set of steps is used as an overall means to coordinate more detailed steps that are adaptively managed? a. Adaptive b. Hybrid c. Predictive d. Incremental ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: Many organizations today use a hybrid approach to product development where a predictive set of steps is used as an overall means to coordinate more detailed steps that are adaptively managed. Predictive and adaptive approaches are not a mutually exclusive choice. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.64 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 23 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:34 PM 53. Which systems development life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined? a. Spiral life cycle b. Waterfall life cycle c. Prototyping life cycle d. RAD life cycle ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: The waterfall life cycle model has well-defined, linear stages of systems analysis, design, construction, testing, and support. This life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.64 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:38 PM 54. In which systems development life cycle do model developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously? a. RAD life cycle b. Prototyping life cycle c. Spiral life cycle d. Waterfall life cycle ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: The prototyping life cycle model is used for developing software prototypes to clarify user requirements for operational software. It requires heavy user involvement, and developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously. This approach is often used in systems that involve a great deal of user interface design, such as website projects. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.65 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: o Reflective Thinking – BUSPROG: Analytic skills: Statistics and Management Science Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 24 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context TOPICS: KEYWORDS: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle Bloom’s: Knowledge 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 5/8/2018 11:11 AM 55. The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation. a. prototyping life cycle b. waterfall life cycle c. RAD life cycle d. spiral life cycle ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: The RAD life cycle model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype. This life cycle model also requires heavy user involvement and helps produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.65 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: o Reflective Thinking – BUSPROG: Analytic skills: Statistics and Management Science TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:41 PM 56. Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle? a. The period of time given to managers during the feasibility phases to decide on the cost, quality, and time constraints for the project b. A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated c. The point of time in the project lifecycle after which it is impossible to terminate a running project d. The final submission of the project deliverables after which the project is terminated ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: A management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals. These management reviews, called phase exits, phase gate reviews, or kill points, are very important for keeping projects on track and determining if they should be continued, redirected, or terminated. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.66 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 25 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context NATIONAL STANDARDS: TOPICS: KEYWORDS: DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle Bloom’s: Comprehension 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 5/7/2018 11:44 PM 57. Which statement best describes outsourcing? a. An organization selling its products in a market outside its domestic market b. An organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source c. An organization setting up manufacturing and retailing facilities in a new country d. An organization’s use of virtual teams with employees located in different countries ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: Outsourcing is an organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source. The term offshoring is sometimes used to describe outsourcing from another country. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.70 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: o Reflective Thinking – BUSPROG: Analytic skills: Statistics and Management Science TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/14/2018 10:13 AM 58. Which is a disadvantage for virtual teams compared to traditional teams? a. Increased costs for office space and support b. Reduced opportunities for informal transfer of information c. Limited flexibility in team working hours d. Reduced dependence on technology and processes for accomplishing work ANSWER: b RATIONALE: Feedback: Virtual teams reduce the ability of team members to network and transfer information informally. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.72 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 26 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context DATE CREATED: DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 5/14/2018 10:14 AM 59. Which characteristic is true of virtual teams? a. It is easier for a virtual team to build relationships and trust. b. Negative incentives do not impact virtual team members. c. It is important to select team members carefully. d. As they never meet, virtual teams do not have conflicts. ANSWER: c RATIONALE: Feedback: It is important to select team members carefully and to form a team in which all roles are covered. All virtual team members must also understand their roles on the team. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p. 72 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 7/25/2018 5:18 PM 60. Which observation is true of the agile approach to software development? a. In the agile method, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration. b. An agile approach sets scope goals, but leaves time and cost goals flexible. c. Agile is a predictive model of software development. d. In the agile approach, requirements must be clearly expressed early in the life cycle. ANSWER: a RATIONALE: Feedback: Agile today means using an approach where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. 73 QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:14 AM Completion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 27 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context 61. A(n) _____ is an overall model for thinking about things as systems. ANSWER: systems philosophy POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/7/2018 11:52 PM 62. _____ are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose. ANSWER: Systems POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 63. _____ addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system. ANSWER: Systems management POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:15 AM 64. The three spheres of systems management are business, organization, and _____. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 28 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context ANSWER: technology POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.50 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 65. The _____ frame of the organization is the one that is usually depicted in an organizational chart. ANSWER: structural POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.52 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 66. The _____ frame of an organization relates to the company’s culture. ANSWER: symbolic POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.53 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 67. Three general classifications of organizational structures are _____, project, and matrix. ANSWER: functional POINTS: 1 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 29 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. 53 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 68. In a(n) _____ organizational structure, project managers have little or no authority. ANSWER: functional POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.56 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 69. _____ refers to the degree to which work activities are organized around teams, rather than individuals. ANSWER: Group emphasis POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.57 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 70. _____ refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior. ANSWER: Control POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.58 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 30 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 71. Some projects have a senior manager called a(n) _____ who acts as a key advocate for a project. ANSWER: champion POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.60 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:09 AM 72. A major element of good practice concerns _____, which addresses the authority and control for key IT activities in organizations, including IT infrastructure, IT use, and project management. ANSWER: IT governance POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.61 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 11:16 AM 73. A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project. ANSWER: deliverable POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.63 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 31 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 74. A(n) _____ is a framework for describing the phases of developing information systems. ANSWER: SDLC systems development life cycle systems development life cycle (SDLC) POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.64 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 12:03 AM 75. The _____ life cycle model is suitable for projects in which changes can be incorporated with reasonable cost increases or acceptable time delays. ANSWER: spiral POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.65 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 76. The _____ life cycle model is used when risk must be tightly controlled and when changes must be restricted after the requirements are defined. ANSWER: waterfall POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 32 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context REFERENCES: p.64 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 12:07 AM 77. _____ software development can be used for software development or in any environment in which the requirements are unknown or change quickly. ANSWER: Agile POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. 73 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/14/2018 10:17 AM 78. _____ is an organization’s acquisition of goods and services from an outside source. ANSWER: Outsourcing POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.70 QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM 79. Sprint planning is part of the basic ______. ANSWER: Scrum framework POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p.74 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 33 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context QUESTION TYPE: Completion HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: – Comprehension TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Knowledge DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM Essay 80. Describe the concept of a systems approach. ANSWER: The term systems approach emerged in the 1950s to describe a holistic and analytical approach to solving complex problems that includes using a systems philosophy, systems analysis, and systems management. A systems philosophy is an overall model for thinking about things as systems. Systems are sets of interacting components working within an environment to fulfill some purpose. For example, the human body is a system composed of many subsystems, including the nervous system, the skeletal system, the circulatory system, and the digestive system. Systems analysis is a problem-solving approach that requires defining the scope of the system, dividing it into its components, and then identifying and evaluating its problems, opportunities, constraints, and needs. Once this is completed, the systems analyst then examines alternative solutions for improving the current situation, identifies an optimum, or at least satisfactory, solution or action plan; and examines that plan against the entire system. Systems management addresses the business, technological, and organizational issues associated with creating, maintaining, and modifying a system. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.49 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.9 – LO: 2-1 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: A Systems View of Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/14/2018 10:18 AM 81. What are the four frames of organizations? Describe each frame. ANSWER: The structural frame deals with how the organization is structured (usually depicted in an organizational chart) and focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management. This frame is very rational and focuses on coordination and control. For example, within the structural frame, a key IT issue is whether a company should centralize the IT personnel in one department or decentralize across several departments. The human resources (HR) frame focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 34 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context organization and the needs of the people. It recognizes that mismatches can occur between the needs of the organization and those of individuals and groups, and works to resolve any potential problems. For example, many projects might be more efficient for the organization if personnel worked 80 or more hours a week for several months. However, this work schedule would conflict with the personal lives and health of many employees. Important IT issues related to the human resources frame are the shortage of skilled IT workers within the organization and unrealistic schedules imposed on many projects. The political frame addresses organizational and personal politics. Politics in organizations take the form of competition among groups or individuals for power and leadership. The political frame emphasizes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. Often, important decisions need to be made based on the allocation of scarce resources. Competition for resources makes conflict a central issue in organizations, and power improves the ability to obtain those resources. Project managers must pay attention to politics and power if they are to be effective. It is important to know who opposes your projects as well as who supports them. Important IT issues related to the political frame are the differences in power between central functions to operating units or between functional managers to project managers. The symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings. In this frame, the most important aspect of any event in an organization is not what actually happened, but what it means. Was it a good sign that the CEO came to a kick-off meeting for a project, or was it a threat? The symbolic frame also relates to the company’s culture. How do people dress? How many hours do they work? How do they run meetings? Many IT projects are international and include stakeholders from various cultures. Understanding those cultures is also a crucial part of the symbolic frame. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.52-53 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.10 – LO: 2-2 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 7/25/2018 5:19 PM 82. Describe each of the three major types of organizational structure. ANSWER: A functional organizational structure is the hierarchy most people think of when picturing an organizational chart. Functional managers or vice presidents in specialties such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources (HR) report to the chief executive officer (CEO). Their staffs have specialized skills in their respective disciplines. For example, most colleges and universities have very strong functional organizations. Only faculty in the business department teach business courses; faculty in the history department teach history; faculty in the art department teach art, and so on. A project organizational structure also is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers or vice presidents reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete the projects within their programs. An organization that uses this structure earns their revenue primarily from performing projects Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 35 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context for other groups under contract. For example, many defense, architectural, engineering, and consulting companies use a project organizational structure. These companies often hire people specifically to work on particular projects. A matrix organizational structure represents the middle ground between functional and project structures. Personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. For example, IT personnel at many companies often split their time between two or more projects, but they report to their manager in the IT department. Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from various functional areas working on their projects. Matrix organizational structures can be strong, weak, or balanced, based on the amount of control exerted by the project managers. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p.53-55 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Understanding Organizations KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 12:25 AM 83. Why is top management commitment crucial for project managers? ANSWER: Project managers need adequate resources. The best way to kill a project is to withhold the required money, human resources, and visibility for the project. If project managers have top management commitment, they will also have adequate resources and not be distracted by events that do not affect their specific projects. Project managers often require approval for unique project needs in a timely manner. For example, on large IT projects, top management must understand that unexpected problems may result from the nature of the products being developed and the specific skills of the people on the project team. The team might need additional hardware and software halfway through the project for proper testing, or the project manager might need to offer special pay and benefits to attract and retain key project personnel. With top management commitment, project managers can meet these needs. Project managers must have cooperation from people in other parts of the organization. Because most IT projects cut across functional areas, top management must help project managers deal with the political issues that often arise. If certain functional managers are not responding to project managers’ requests for necessary information, top management must step in to encourage functional managers to cooperate. POINTS: DIFFICULTY: Project managers often need someone to mentor and coach them on leadership issues. Many IT project managers come from technical positions and are inexperienced as managers. Senior managers should take the time to pass on advice on how to be good leaders. They should encourage new project managers to take classes to develop leadership skills and allocate the time and funds for managers to do so. 1 Difficulty: Moderate Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 36 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context REFERENCES: p. 60-61 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.11 – LO: 2-3 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Focusing on Stakeholder Needs KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 12:29 AM 84. What is a systems development life cycle? What are some of the predictive models associated with the systems development life cycle? ANSWER: A systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a framework for describing the phases of developing information systems. In addition to the waterfall model for the SDLC, other predictive life cycles include the spiral model, the prototyping model, and the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. The project team spends a large portion of the project attempting to clarify the requirements of the entire system and then producing a design. Users are often unable to see any tangible results in terms of working software for an extended period. Below are brief descriptions of several predictive SDLC models: The waterfall life cycle model has well-defined, linear stages of systems development and support. This life cycle model assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined. The spiral life cycle model was developed based on refinements of the waterfall model as applied to large government software projects. It recognizes the fact that most software is developed using an iterative or spiral approach rather than a linear approach. The prototyping life cycle model is used for developing software prototypes to clarify user requirements for operational software. It requires heavy user involvement, and developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously. Developers can throw away or keep prototypes, depending on the project. The RAD life cycle model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype. This life cycle model also requires heavy user involvement and helps produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality. Developers use RAD tools such as CASE (computer-aided software engineering), JRP (joint requirements planning), and JAD (joint application design) to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p. 64-65 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.12 – LO: 2-4 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Project Phases and the Project Life Cycle KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 5/8/2018 12:34 AM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 37 Chapter 2 – The Project Management Information Technology Context 85. Discuss four key issues project managers must address when working on global projects. ANSWER: Communications. Because people work in different time zones, speak different languages, have different cultural backgrounds, and celebrate different holidays, it is important to address how people will communicate in an efficient and timely manner. Trust. Trust is an important issue for all teams, especially when they are global teams. It is important to start building trust immediately by recognizing and respecting others’ differences and the value they add to the project. Common work practices. It is important to align work processes and develop a modus operandi with which everyone agrees and is comfortable. Tools. IT pays a vital role in globalization, especially in enhancing communications and work practices. Many people use free tools such as Skype, Google Docs or social media to communicate. Many project management software tools include their own communications and collaboration features in an integrated package. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Moderate REFERENCES: p. 69-70 QUESTION TYPE: Essay HAS VARIABLES: False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: INFO.SCHW.14.14 – LO: 2-6 NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States – BUSPROG: Analytic TOPICS: Recent Trends Affecting Information Technology Project Management KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Comprehension DATE CREATED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM DATE MODIFIED: 4/27/2018 3:48 PM Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 38