Test Bank for Foundations In Microbiology, 9th Edition

ch02 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Anything that occupies space and has mass is called A. an electron. B. living. C. matter. D. energy. E. space. 2. The electrons of an atom are A. always equal to the number of neutrons in an atom. B. found in the nucleus. C. used to determine atomic number. D. positively charged. E. moving in pathways called orbitals. 3. All of the following pertain to 146C except it A. has 6 protons. B. has 6 electrons. C. has 14 neutrons. D. is an isotope of carbon. E. mass number is 14. 4. The subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are the A. electrons. B. protons. C. neutrons. D. protons and neutrons. E. protons and electrons. 5. Cations are A. charged subatomic particles. B. atoms that have gained electrons. C. radioactive isotopes. D. capable of forming ionic bonds with anions. E. atoms without protons. 6. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their A. neutron number. B. electron number. C. proton number. D. atomic number. E. chemical properties. 7. What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom? A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 18 E. 32 8. Two or more atoms bonded together are called a/an A. ion. B. isotope. C. element. D. electrolyte. E. molecule. 9. What would be the valence number of electrons in the sulfur atom 3216S? A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 16 E. 32 10. Polar molecules are composed of covalently bonded A. identical atoms. B. carbon atoms. C. ions. D. atoms of different electronegativity. E. atoms of identical electronegativity. 11. Reactions involving electron release are called ______ reactions. A. oxidation. B. reduction. C. ionization. D. decomposition. E. dissolution. 12. Which of the following represents a synthesis reaction? A. AB → A + B B. A + B → AB C. AB + XY → AX + BY D. AB + XY ↔ AX + BY E. None of the choices are correct. 13. The important solvent associated with living things is A. carbon dioxide. B. sodium chloride. C. ethyl alcohol. D. benzene. E. water. 14. Which term does not belong in this list? A. lactic acid B. vinegar C. hydrogen ion donor D. pH 8 E. acidic 15. A solution of pH 7 compared to a solution of pH 9 A. is more basic. B. has no OH- ions. C. has more H+ ions. D. has a higher pH. E. All of the choices are correct. 16. What do H2O, NaCl, CO2, and HCl all have in common? A. all are salts B. all are acids C. all are gases D. all are inorganic E. all are solutes 17. Which of the following functional groups is mismatched to the organic compound? A. phosphate – carbohydrates B. sulfhydryl – proteins C. amino – proteins D. hydroxyl – alcohols E. carboxyl – fatty acids 18. The building blocks of an enzyme are A. nucleotides. B. glycerol and fatty acids. C. monosaccharides. D. phosphate, glycerol, fatty acids. E. amino acids. 19. All of the following are monosaccharides except A. glucose. B. glycogen. C. fructose. D. ribose. E. deoxyribose. 20. All of the following are lipids except: A. cholesterol B. starch C. phospholipid D. wax E. triglyceride 21. A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms will have _____ hydrogen atoms and _____ oxygen atoms. A. 10, 5 B. 5, 10 C. 5, 5 D. 10, 10 E. 2, 1 22. One nucleotide contains A. one phosphate. B. one pentose. C. one nitrogen base. D. All of the choices are correct. E. None of the choices are correct. 23. Which of the following would have glycosidic bonds? A. triglycerides B. monosaccharides C. polypeptides D. polysaccharides E. ATP 24. All of the following are polysaccharides, except: A. dextran in some bacterial slime layers B. agar used to make solid culture media C. a cell’s glycocalyx D. cellulose in certain cell walls E. prostaglandins in inflammation 25. What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails? A. fatty acids B. glycerol C. phosphate D. alcohol E. All of the choices are correct. 26. An amino acid contains all of the following except: A. an amino group B. a carboxyl group C. a variable R group D. a carbon atom E. a nitrogenous base 27. Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA? A. contains ribose B. contains adenine C. contains thymine D. contains uracil E. contains nucleotides 28. ATP is best described as A. an enzyme. B. a double helix. C. an electron carrier. D. the energy molecule of cells. E. All of the choices are correct. 29. Which is not true about enzymes? A. found in all cells B. are catalysts C. participate in the cell’s chemical reactions D. can be denaturated by heat and other agents E. have high-energy bonds between phosphates 30. Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary structure? A. valine B. cysteine C. serine D. alanine E. tyrosine 31. The nucleic acid that delivers the correct amino acid for protein synthesis is A. rRNA. B. DNA. C. tRNA. D. mRNA. E. ATP. 32. The purine bases in nucleic acids include A. thymine and cytosine. B. guanine and adenine. C. cytosine and guanine. D. adenine and thymine. E. ribose and deoxyribose. 33. A weak, attractive force between nearby molecules is called a/an A. hydrogen bond. B. covalent bond. C. ionic bond. D. peptide bond. E. glycosidic bond. 34. A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose? A. amino acids B. hydrogen and oxygen atoms C. nitrogen and phosphorus D. fatty acids E. carbon atoms 35. C H O + C H O → C H O + H O represents 6 12 6 6 12 6 12 22 11 2 A. formation of a peptide bond. B. a decomposition reaction. C. denaturation. D. formation of a polysaccharide. E. dehydration synthesis. 36. The atomic number equals the number of __________ an atom possesses. A. neutrons B. protons C. protons plus electrons D. neutrons plus protons E. electrons plus protons 37. If carbon has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 14, how many neutrons does it have? A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 14 E. impossible to determine 38. The neutrons of an atom are A. always equal to the number of protons in an atom. B. found in the nucleus. C. used to determine atomic number. D. positively charged. E. moving in pathways called orbitals. 39. Which of the following represents an exchange reaction? A. AB → A + B B. A + B → AB C. X + Y → XYD D. AB + XY ↔ AX + BY E. None of the choices are correct. 40. Jim needs to prepare one liter of a 4% NaCl solution. How much NaCl should he weigh out? A. 0.4 grams B. 4.0 grams C. 40 grams D. 400 grams E. None of the choices are correct. 41. How many times more acidic is a solution with a pH of 3 than a solution with a pH of 6? A. 3 B. 10 C. 1000 D. 36 E. 63 42. Which of the following carbohydrates is found in dairy products? A. lactose B. sucrose C. maltose D. glucose E. fructose 43. Which of the following is the stored form of carbohydrates in animals? A. glycogen B. maltose C. starch D. cellulose E. galactose 44. All of the following are correct about triglycerides, except: A. they are insoluble in water B. they are a concentrated source of energy C. when they are unsaturated they are solid D. they dissolve in nonpolar solvents E. they are digested by lipases 45. The type of chemical bond linking amino acids together is a(n): A. glycosidic bond B. peptide bond C. ester bond D. ionic bond E. hydrogen bond 46. The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are examples of: A. primary structures B. secondary structures C. tertiary structures D. quaternary structures E. gamma structures 47. The polynucleotide strands of DNA are linked along their length by __________ bonds between the bases. A. covalent B. ionic C. Van der Waals D. double E. hydrogen 48. Which of the following examples are NOT hydrophobic? A. Glucose B. Vegetable oil C. Butter D. Cholesterol E. Choices B, C, and D are correct 49. A covalent bond is formed between an anion and a cation. True False 50. Electrons that participate in chemical bonding are typically located closest to the nucleus. True False 51. Only charged atoms can form ionic bonds. True False 52. Water molecules are nonpolar molecules. True False 53. Polar molecules have more reactivity compared to nonpolar molecules. True False 54. Elements have predictable chemical properties. True False 55. The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of solvent present. True False 56. If solution A has a lower pH compared to solution B, then solution A is more acidic than solution B. True False 57. The only part of an amino acid that differs from other amino acids is its R group. True False 58. All proteins are enzymes. True False 59. Replication is the cellular mechanism for making a copy of its DNA. True False 60. Nucleic acids have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of organization. True False 61. The total number of protons and neutrons of an element establishes its _____ number. ________________________________________ 62. Atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged particles called _____. ________________________________________ 63. Protons and neutrons make up the atom’s central core referred to as its _____. ________________________________________ 64. A solution is composed of one or more substances called _____ that are uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium called a _____. ________________________________________ 65. Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms. ________________________________________ 66. _____ bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis between adjacent amino acids. ________________________________________ 67. A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens. ________________________________________ 68. Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all _____. ________________________________________ 69. During protein synthesis, _____ RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA. ________________________________________ 70. In _____ reproduction, offspring arise from the division of a single parent cell into two identical progeny cells. ________________________________________ 71. Certain antibiotics are effective against bacteria that cause human infections because they target prokaryotic ribosomes. Discuss, in detail, how the drug attacking a pathogen’s ribosomes will affect the cell. Discuss at least 3 specific detrimental results. 72. Explain what radioisotopes are, and describe how they can be used to monitor the uptake of a specific biochemical by a microbial culture. 73. Compare and contrast the chemical and functional characteristics of DNA and RNA molecules. 74. Identify and provide specific examples of the classes of macromolecules that are associated with life. ch02 Key 1. C 2. E 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. E 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. E 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. A 18. E 19. B 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. D 24. E 25. A 26. E 27. C 28. D 29. E 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. E 36. B 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. C 41. C 42. A 43. A 44. C 45. B 46. B 47. E 48. A 49. FALSE 50. FALSE 51. TRUE 52. FALSE 53. TRUE 54. TRUE 55. FALSE 56. TRUE 57. TRUE 58. FALSE 59. TRUE 60. FALSE 61. mass 62. ions 63. nucleus 64. solutes or solvent 65. carbon 66. Peptide 67. saturated 68. nucleic acids 69. messenger 70. asexual 71. 72. 73. 74. ch02 Summary Category # of Questions ASM Objective: 02.02 Bacteria have unique cell structures that can be targets for antibiotics, immunity, and phage infection. 1 ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translatio 6 n differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function 72 ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow 7 Learning Outcome: 02.01 Describe the properties of atoms and identify the relationships of the particles that they contain. 7 Learning Outcome: 02.02 Characterize elements and their isotopes. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.03 Explain the differences between atomic number, mass number, and atomic weight. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.04 List the major elements that are associated with life. 1 Learning Outcome: 02.05 Describe electron orbitals and energy shells and how they are filled. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.06 Explain how elements make chemical bonds to form molecules and compounds. 5 Learning Outcome: 02.07 State the relationship among an atom, molecule, and compound. 1 Learning Outcome: 02.08 Identify the differences between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.09 Summarize the concepts of valence, polarity, and diatomic elements. 6 Learning Outcome: 02.10 Describe ionization and distinguish between anions and cations. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.11 Compare oxidation and reduction and their effects. 1 Learning Outcome: 02.12 Classify different forms of chemical shorthand and types of reactions. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.13 Explain solutes, solvents, and hydration. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.14 Differentiate between hydrophilic and hydrophobic. 1 Learning Outcome: 02.15 Describe the pH scale and how it was derived; define acid, base, and neutral levels. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.16 Describe the chemistry of carbon and the difference between inorganic and organic compounds. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.17 Identify functional groups and know some examples. 1 Learning Outcome: 02.18 Define what macromolecules, polymers, and monomers are. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.19 Define carbohydrate and know the functional groups that characterize carbohydrates. 5 Learning Outcome: 02.20 Distinguish among mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, and describe how their bonds are made. 7 Learning Outcome: 02.21 Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in cells. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.22 Define lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid, fatty acid, and cholesterol. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.24 Discuss major functions of lipids in cells. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.25 Describe the structure of peptides and polypeptides and how their bonds form. 8 Learning Outcome: 02.26 Characterize the four levels of protein structure and describe the pattern of folding. 4 Learning Outcome: 02.27 Summarize some of the essential functions of proteins. 3 Learning Outcome: 02.28 Identify a nucleic acid and differentiate between DNA and RNA. 5 Learning Outcome: 02.29 Describe the structures of nucleotides and list the nitrogen bases. 7 Learning Outcome: 02.30 Explain how the DNA code may be copied, and describe the basic functions of RNA. 5 Talaro – Chapter 02 74 Topic: Basic Chemistry 37 Topic: Biochemistry 39