Test Bank For Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6th Edition

Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The interrelated lives of the Chavez family as well as the impact of external factors such as religion, financial issues, health care issues, and cultural gender and role definitions that influence their individual behaviors and affect the family’s general wellbeing. This can be explained using concepts from the ______. a. social exchange perspective b. systems perspective c. exchange and choice perspective d. humanistic perspective Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Case Study Difficulty Level: Easy 2. An elderly person whose basic needs are met feels that she has nothing to offer in exchange. This is an example of the ______. a. exchange and choice perspective b. social constructionist perspective c. conflict perspective d. humanistic perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 3. An individual’s participation in a support group for heart attack survivors has helped him modify some of his views about his situation by encouraging a solution-focused approach to his concerns. This is an example of the ______. a. humanistic perspective b. psychodynamic perspective c. conflict perspective d. social constructionist perspective Ans: D Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Social Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A perspective that is concerned with how internal processes such as needs, drives, and emotions motivate human behavior is known as the ______. a. humanistic perspective b. psychodynamic perspective c. developmental perspective d. systems perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Ruth is entering into late old age and struggles with chronic illnesses and losses. This is an example of the ______. a. humanistic perspective b. psychodynamic perspective c. developmental perspective d. systems perspective Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The assumption that learning takes place as individuals interact with their environments is related to the ______. a. behavioral perspective b. psychodynamic perspective c. developmental perspective d. social constructionist perspective Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 7. When family members make choices based on freedom of action and search for meaning this is an example of the ______. a. behavioral perspective b. developmental perspective c. psychodynamic perspective d. humanistic perspective Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 8. When individuals hold power in the family but little power in the labor market the ______ can help us to better understand their situation. a. behavioral perspective b. conflict perspective c. social constructionist perspective d. systems perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 9. If a social worker were to help family members increase their personal sense of competence when taking care of an elderly relative we would define this as ______. a. self-efficacy b. agency c. efficacy expectation d. self-actualization Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Having a sense that you can personally accomplish a goal is known as ______. Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 a. self-efficacy b. agency c. efficacy expectation d. self-actualization Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Individuals who weathered several negative environmental experiences and changes in their physical functioning that may be contributing to lowered expectations of self as well as a resistance to measures that might improve their functioning. This is best described as ______. a. behavioral perspective b. efficacy expectations c. social learning theory d. learned helplessness Ans D Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 12. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the needs that must first be satisfied before higher needs can emerge are ______. a. psychological needs b. belongingness and love needs c. physiological needs d. self-actualization needs Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 13. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, meeting one’s needs for affection and intimacy refers to ______. a. psychological needs b. belongingness and love needs Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 c. safety needs d. self-actualization needs Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Security is very important to Stanley. This represents which of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a. psychological needs b. belongingness and love needs c. safety needs d. self-actualization needs Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 15. A term associated with the capacity to intentionally make things happen is known as ______. a. self-efficacy b. efficacy expectation c. esteem needs d. agency Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 16. A theory that suggests that behavior is learned in part by imitation, observation, beliefs, and expectations is ______. a. cognitive social learning theory b. operant conditioning theory c. classical conditioning theory d. empowerment theory Ans: A Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 17. A theory that guides our practice interventions toward building on client strengths is ______. a. cognitive social learning theory b. operant conditioning theory c. classical conditioning theory d. empowerment theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-4: Apply knowledge of eight theoretical perspectives on human behavior to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 18. A theory that defines behavior as the result of reinforcement is ______. a. cognitive social learning theory b. operant conditioning theory c. classical conditioning theory d. feminist theory Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 19. A theory that defines behavior as learned through association is ______. a. cognitive social learning theory b. operant conditioning theory c. classical conditioning theory d. empowerment theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 20. A theory that is based on the desire to maximize benefits and minimize costs is ______. a. social network theory b. reasoned action theory c. feminist theory d. social exchange theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Exchange and Choice Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 21. A theory that recognizes vectors of oppression and privilege is called ______. a. intersectionality theory b. systems theory c. person-in-environment theory d. privilege theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 22. A person’s felt and interpreted experience of “who I am” is referred to as ______. a. self-efficacy b. role c. phenomenal self d. feedback mechanism Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The processes by which information about past behaviors in a system are fed back into the system in a circular manner is called ______. a. self-efficacy b. roles c. phenomenal self Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 d. feedback mechanisms Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systems Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which of the following is NOT a term associated with the systems perspective? a. phenomenal self b. boundary c. feedback mechanisms d. interactions Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systems Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The expansion of conflict theory by Randall Collins to integrate conflict processes at the social level with those at the small group and family levels addresses which criterion for evaluating theory? a. diversity and power b. usefulness for social work c. comprehensiveness d. competence Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The finding that individual choices and decisions are often inconsistent with assumed rationality and are often too complicated to ascertain the most exchange and choice illustrates which criterion for judging social theory? a. coherence b. empirical support c. comprehensiveness d. diversity Ans: B Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Traditional psychodynamic theories have been criticized on which basis for the theory evaluation? a. diversity and power b. testability and empirical support c. coherence and conceptual clarity d. all of the above are criticisms of traditional psychodynamic theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Classical developmental theories have been criticized primarily for ______. a. usefulness for social work practice b. failure to address diversity and power c. lack of coherence and conceptual clarity d. poor testability Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The humanistic perspective is called the ‘third force’ because it was developed in reaction to ______. a. psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives b. systems perspective c. developmental and constructionist perspectives d. conflict perspective Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. When we consider human behavior from a systems perspective, we see it as an outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked social systems. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systems Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 2. An open system is one where there is no exchange with external systems. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systems Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 3. A closed system is one where there is an exchange of resources with external systems. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Systems Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 4. One big idea of the conflict perspective is that lack of open conflict is a sign of exploitation. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 5. One big idea of the exchange and choice perspective is that human consciousness and the sense of self are shaped by continual social interaction. Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Exchange and Choice Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 6. One big idea of the social constructionist perspective is that people can modify meanings in the process of interaction. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 7. One big idea of the psychodynamic perspective is that human development is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 8. A big idea of the developmental perspective is that human development occurs in clearly defined stages. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Stage 1 (birth to 1 year) of Erikson’s model of human development proposes the psychosocial crisis to be basic trust versus mistrust. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Stage 4 (ages 6–12) of Erikson’s model of human development proposes the psychosocial crisis to be industry versus inferiority. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Stage 7 (late 20s–50s) of Erikson’s model of human development proposes the psychosocial crisis to be intimacy versus isolation. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 12. One big idea of the behavioral perspective is that all human problems can be formulated as undesirable behavior. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 13. One big idea of the humanistic perspective is that all behavior can be defined and changed. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Discuss two merits of using multiple perspectives as a social worker. Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: No theory can tell the full story by itself, but each can contribute an important part of the whole picture. Different perspectives have different strengths, like engaging with client systems, assessment, suggesting social work interventions, and guiding practice evaluation. Learning Objective: 2-3: Analyze the merits of a multitheoretical approach to human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Merits of Multiple Perspectives Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Define the systems perspective and discuss two of the big ideas associated with it. Ans: The systems perspective sees human behavior as the outcome of interactions within and among systems of interrelated parts. Systems theory attempts to explain the complexity of human life. It also looks at the various risk factors and protective factors in the various parts of a person’s life, and can seek to mitigate those risk factors while capitalizing on the protective factors. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systems Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Define the conflict perspective and discuss two of the big ideas associated with it. Ans: The conflict perspective emphasizes conflicts that arise because of inequalities in the distribution of resources. Power relationships are a major focus of this perspective. Oppression of nondominant groups leads to alienation, a sense of indifference and hostility. Conflict theory has also birthed critical theory, which notes that workers have been conditioned by mass media to be consumers, sometimes taking on an excessive workload in order to do so. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Define the exchange and choice perspective and discuss two of the big ideas associated with it. Ans: According to this perspective, individual and collective actors seek and exchange resources and the choices made in pursuit of those resources. The basic idea is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Peter Blau also proposed that humans operate with a drive of reciprocity, in that we give resources equal to those we receive whenever possible; however, imbalance occurs in some exchanges, leading to differentials in power. Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Exchange and Choice Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Define the social constructionist perspective and discuss two of the big ideas associated with it. Ans: This perspective focuses on how people construct meaning, a sense of self, and a social world through their interactions with each other. People interact on the basis of shared meanings—shared understandings about the world. There is no single objectively true reality; there are only shared constructed realities created as people interact in different contexts. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Constructionist Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Define the psychodynamic perspective and discuss two big ideas associated with it. Ans: The psychodynamic perspective is concerned with how internal processes such as needs, drives, and emotions motivate human behavior. One of the major constructs of the theory is the structural model of the mind, consisting of id, ego, and superego. Another is object relations theory, which studies how people develop attitudes toward others in the context of early nurturing relationships and how those attitudes affect the view of self as well as social relationships. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Define the developmental perspective and discuss two big ideas associated with it. Ans: The focus of the developmental perspective, perhaps the most widely used of the perspectives presented in this chapter, is on how human behavior unfolds across the life course, how people change and stay the same over time. Human development is seen to occur in clearly defined stages based on a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes. Each new stage involves new tasks and brings changes in social roles and statuses. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 8. List the eight stages, including age range and psychosocial crisis, of Erikson’s model of human development. Ans: Stage 1 (birth to age 1): trust vs. mistrust. Stage 2 (age 2–3): autonomy vs. shame/doubt. Stage 3 (age 3–5): initiative vs. guilt. Stage 4 (age 6–12): industry vs. inferiority. Stage 5 (age 12–18): identity vs. role confusion. Stage 6 (early to late 20s): intimacy vs. isolation. Stage 7 (late 20s to 50s): generativity vs. stagnation. Stage 8 (late adulthood): integrity vs. despair. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Define the behavioral perspective and discuss two big ideas associated with it. Ans: The behavioral perspective says that human behavior is all learned through interactions with the environment. All human problems can be formulated as undesirably behavior. All behavior can be defined and changed. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Define the humanistic perspective and discuss two big ideas associated with it. Ans: This perspective says each person is unique and has value. Each person is responsible for his/her own choices made within the limits of freedom. People always have the capacity for change, even radical change. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 11. List in order Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Ans: Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Identify two theories that would be useful in your work with the Chavez family. Define those theories in your essay and cite examples of how you would utilize those theories with the Chavez family. Ans: Answers will vary widely. Any of the theories could be applied. Learning Objective: 2-4: Apply knowledge of eight theoretical perspectives on human behavior to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Throughout Chapter; It Depends on the Theories Chosen Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Compare and contrast the ideas of the systems perspective and the conflict perspective. Cite examples of how you think these theories would help with assessment and intervention in your practice with clients. Ans: The systems perspective sees human behavior as both influencing and influenced by a number of systems with which each person interacts. Conflict theory focuses on the inequalities in the system and especially how they impact the disenfranchised or those with less power. The systems perspective is useful in figuring out what major influences a client has on his/her behavior, like culture, religion, economics, family, and education. Conflict theory is steeped in social justice focus and looks to make macro changes on top of understanding the micro-level effects on an unjust system. Learning Objective: 2-4: Apply knowledge of eight theoretical perspectives on human behavior to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Systems Perspective and Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 14. Compare and contrast the ideas of the psychodynamic perspective and the developmental perspective. Cite examples of how you think these theories would help with assessment and intervention in your practice with clients. Ans: Both theories are concerned with developmental processes, though the psychodynamic perspective concentrates more on hidden drives, desires, and conflicts, while the developmental perspective is more focused on observable behavior. The psychodynamic perspective can be useful from a conceptual standpoint, looking at what may drive a client to act in ways even the client may not understand herself. The developmental perspective can help to shine a light on events in development that may still be impacting the client today for understandable reasons. Learning Objective: 2-4: Apply knowledge of eight theoretical perspectives on human behavior to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychodynamic Perspective and Developmental Perspective Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Compare and contrast the ideas of the behavioral perspective and the humanistic perspective. Cite examples of how you think these theories would help with assessment and intervention in your practice with clients. Ans: The behavioral and humanistic perspective both believe in great human potential for change. The humanistic perspective focuses on humanity’s drive to seek more for themselves, an ultimate meaning. The behavioral perspective simply notes all behavior is learned and can be changes through proper techniques and adjustments. Learning Objective: 2-4: Apply knowledge of eight theoretical perspectives on human behavior to recommend guidelines for social work engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective and Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard 16. What are the merits of using multiple perspectives in social work practice? How can these perspectives help mitigate our personal biases and encourage objective, comprehensive assessment? Ans: No single perspective can be applied to all clients, nor can any single perspective explain everything going on in a client’s life. Looking from multiple angles can help us to find new approaches for diagnosis, treatment planning, and intervention, rather than relying on our own standbys or jumping to easy conclusions. Learning Objective: 2-3: Analyze the merits of a multitheoretical approach to human behavior. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Merits of Multiple Perspectives Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Describe classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive social learning theories. Ans: Classical conditioning is the use of conditional stimuli to produce conditioned responses. Operant conditioning is the use of punishments and rewards to shape behavior. Cognitive social learning theory suggests that behavior is learned by imitation, observation, beliefs, and expectations. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Describe theories consistent with the conflict perspective. Ans: Some of the theories that might be detailed here include critical theory, prosumer capitalism theory, postcolonial theory, neoliberalism theory, critical race theory, feminist Instructor Resource Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 theory, intersectionality theory, pluralistic theory of social conflict, and empowerment theory. Learning Objective: 2-2: Recognize the major themes of eight different perspectives on human behavior: systems, conflict, exchange and choice, social constructionist, psychodynamic, developmental, behavioral, and humanistic. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflict Perspective Difficulty Level: Hard