Test Bank for Criminology Today: An Integrative Introduction, 10th Edition

Criminology Today, 10e (Schmalleger) Chapter 2 Where Do Theories Come From? 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The “evidence” in evidence-based criminology refers to ________. A) information obtained from witnesses to the crime B) fingerprints found at the crime scene C) experimental scientific findings D) social discussions Answer: C Page Ref: 29 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Intermediate 2) Evidence-based criminology is based upon which research method? A) Randomized, controlled experiments B) Case studies C) Participant observation D) Secondary analysis of data Answer: A Page Ref: 29 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Basic 3) A(n) ________ is a series of interrelated propositions which attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. A) hypothesis B) theory C) variable D) experiment Answer: B Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Basic 4) The statement, “Breaking the cycle of poverty will reduce crime” is an example of a(n) ________. A) hypothesis B) theory C) social policy D) causal question Answer: A Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 5) Which of the following statements is an example of a theory? A) Increasing job opportunities will reduce crime. B) Crime rates increased in the past year. C) Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use. D) Requiring everyone to earn a high school degree will lead to a reduction in crime. Answer: C Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 6) ________ research is undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge. A) Applied B) Pure C) Primary D) Secondary Answer: B Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 7) What is the first step in any research? A) Develop a research design B) Review the findings C) Choose a data collection technique D) Identify a problem Answer: D Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 8) ________ is the process by which a concept is made measurable or a simple hypothesis is turned into one that is testable. A) Operationalization B) Theory building C) Variable development D) Pure research Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 9) You are interested in determining whether allowing prison inmates to have televisions in their cells will reduce violent behavior. You measure the rate of violence in the prison, install televisions in all cells, and then measure the rate of violence again one month later to see if there has been any change. What research design have you used? A) A controlled experiment B) A one-group pretest-posttest design C) A quasi-experiment D) A life history Answer: B Page Ref: 34 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 10) What is a confounding effect? A) A rival explanation that threatens the validity of a research design B) An experimental intervention that causes behavioral changes C) A method of increasing internal validity D) A research method that holds conditions constant Answer: C Page Ref: 35 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 11) A ________ research design is particularly useful when some aspects of the social setting are beyond the control of the researcher. A) controlled experiment B) one-group pretest-posttest C) quasi-experimental D) case study Answer: C Page Ref: 35-36 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 12) Which of the following will reduce the problem of differential selection? A) Statistical regression B) Random assignment C) Maturation D) Experimental mortality Answer: B Page Ref: 36 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 13) Which of the following threats to internal validity is an example of the problem of experimental mortality? A) During the implementation of a study on violence in a prison, the prison administrator is replaced. B) During a study, subjects become tired and their response time is affected. C) During a study in which students interview prison inmates, a number of student interviewers graduate and must be replaced. D) During a study comparing two groups of prison inmates, some of the members of one group are released on parole. Answer: D Page Ref: 36 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 14) Which of the following threats to external validity is an example of the problem of reactive effects of experiment arrangements? A) A pretest was conducted that sensitized the subjects to the topic of the research, so that they may have responded to the treatment differently than would individuals who did not go through the pretest. B) Defendants in a county court are allowed to choose whether or not they would like to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of a new diversion program. C) Inmates in a prison are aware that they are part of a study on prison violence and modify their behavior as a result of this awareness. D) Inmates in a prison are participating in two research studies and are simultaneously exposed to two different experimental interventions. Answer: C Page Ref: 37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 15) After the results of a large research study on police procedures were publicized, the researchers were interested in determining whether the study had affected police policy. The researcher telephoned big-city police departments and asked a series of questions about department policies and procedures. This is an example of which data-gathering strategy? A) Participant observation B) Survey research C) Case study D) Secondary analysis Answer: B Page Ref: 38 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 16) You are interested in studying how prison inmates and correctional officers interact on a daily basis. To do this, you get a job as a correctional officer in a state prison and work there for several months. What data-gathering strategy are you employing here? A) Participant observation B) Survey research C) Secondary analysis D) Self-reporting Answer: A Page Ref: 39 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 17) The in-depth study of one particular criminal organization is an example of which data-gathering technique? A) Self-reporting B) Secondary analysis C) Case study D) Survey research Answer: C Page Ref: 39-40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 18) Because the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment had a major impact on police policy, the National Institute of Justice decided to see if the same results would be found if the study was conducted in other cities around the U.S. This is an example of the issue of ________. A) replicability B) intersubjectivity C) reactivity D) instrumentation Answer: A Page Ref: 40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 19) Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics? A) Standard deviation B) Correlation C) Median D) Test of significance Answer: D Page Ref: 41-42 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 20) ________ are techniques that produce measurable results which can be analyzed statistically. A) Qualitative methods B) Pure research methods C) Quantitative methods D) Participant observations Answer: C Page Ref: 42 Objective: What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Level: Basic 21) ________ treats numbers as having intrinsic scientific value. A) Intersubjectivity B) Pure research C) Qualitative methodology D) The mystique of quantity Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Objective: What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Level: Basic 22) Which of the following research methods is most likely to produce highly quantitative data? A) Life histories B) Participant observations C) Case studies D) Controlled experiments Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Objective: What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Level: Intermediate 23) After research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study’s major findings. What ethical issue applies here? A) Protection of human subjects B) Informed consent C) Objectivity D) Data confidentiality Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Difficult 24) The ethical principle of ________ means that research subjects are told about the nature of the research and their role in it A) informed consent B) data confidentiality C) anonymity D) objectivity Answer: A Page Ref: 44-45 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Basic 25) What is the BEST way to control the effects of biases in research? A) Be aware of them at the start of the research B) Avoid conducting research that produces strong personal feelings C) Avoid situations that require informed consent D) Ensure data confidentiality Answer: A Page Ref: 44 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Intermediate 26) A ________ involves reviewing the results of other studies on a specific topic. A) participant observation study B) meta-analysis C) survey D) case study Answer: B Page Ref: 46-47 Objective: How do criminological research and experimental criminology affect social policy? Level: Basic 27) In a research report, the ________ is a brief summation of the findings of the report. A) abstract B) review of the existing literature C) preface D) analysis Answer: A Page Ref: 48 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Basic 28) Which of the following is most likely to influence policy makers who are creating criminal justice policies? A) The financial implications of the policy B) The advice of criminologists C) The results of current criminological research D) The effectiveness of the policy Answer: A Page Ref: 46-47 Objective: How do criminological research and experimental criminology affect social policy? Level: Intermediate 29) Where are criminologists most likely to publish their research? A) Newspapers B) Monographs C) Professional journals D) Wikipedia Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Basic 30) Which submission requirement tends to be the same for all professional refereed journals? A) The style of the references B) The method of submission C) A prohibition on simultaneous submissions D) The amount of the submission fee Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 2.2 True/False Questions 1) The evidence used in evidence-based criminology is the same type of evidence that is used in a criminal trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 29 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Basic 2) During the Golden Age of Theory, there was a systematic attempt to link criminological research to theory. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 29 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Basic 3) Gathering facts is sufficient to offer a satisfactory explanation of crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 30 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Basic 4) The statement “Providing more educational opportunities to lower-income individuals will reduce crime” is a hypothesis. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Difficult 5) A theory is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 6) If you conduct applied research, you are not expecting your results to have any immediate, practical application. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 7) Problem identification often includes some basic statistical analyses. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 33-34 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 8) A one-group pretest-posttest research design eliminates all other possible explanations of behavioral change. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 34 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 9) You are conducting a simple one-group pretest-posttest research design in a police department and between the pretest and posttest, the chief of police resigns. This event may produce a confounding effect. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 10) A rehabilitation program is tested in a California medium security prison and found to be effective. The researchers want to know if the program will be effective in maximum security prisons in Texas. This is a question of external validity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 11) In the “participant as observer” strategy, the observer goes “undercover” and joins the group, participating in their activities. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 39 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 12) The question, “Do you see what I see?” highlights the role of intersubjectivity in scientific observation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 13) Findings from qualitative studies are expressed numerically. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 43 Objective: What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Level: Basic 14) The best way to control the effects of biases is to be aware of them at the start of the research. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 44 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Basic 15) During participant observation, the researcher’s primary role becomes that of a member of the group he or she is observing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 45 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Intermediate 16) Politicians frequently consult with criminologists when developing new crime legislation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 46 Objective: How do criminological research and experimental criminology affect social policy? Level: Intermediate 17) A meta-analysis is a study of other studies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 46 Objective: How do criminological research and experimental criminology affect social policy? Level: Basic 18) It is not necessary for a researcher to present research limitations in the final research report. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Basic 19) Most refereed professional journals discourage simultaneous submissions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 50 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Basic 2.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Evidence-based criminology is founded on the ________ method. Answer: experimental Page Ref: 29 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Basic 2) The Golden Age of ________ was a time when data on crime were gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework. Answer: Research Page Ref: 30 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Basic 3) A(n) ________ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation. Answer: hypothesis Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Basic 4) A(n) ________ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality. Answer: theory Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Basic 5) Most criminological research today is intended to explore issues of ________. Answer: causality Page Ref: 34 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 6) Rival explanations or competing hypotheses are known as ________ effects. Answer: confounding Page Ref: 35 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 7) Properly selected control groups help criminology researchers eliminate threats to ________ validity. Answer: internal Page Ref: 35-36 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 8) ________ is the process by which individuals are assigned to control or experimental groups without biases or differences resulting from that assignment. Answer: Randomization Page Ref: 37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Basic 9) Because research subjects generally do not know that they are being studied, secondary analysis is said to be ________. Answer: nonreactive Page Ref: 40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 10) ________ research methods produce subjective results. Answer: Qualitative Page Ref: 43 Objective: What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Level: Basic 11) ________ such as researcher preconceptions and biases enter into all stages of the research process. Answer: Values Page Ref: 44 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Basic 12) ________ consent is a strategy used to overcome many ethical issues inherent in criminological research by telling research subjects about the research and their role in it. Answer: Informed Page Ref: 44 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Basic 13) Ideally, criminological research should have an impact on politicians who formulate crime control ________. Answer: policy Page Ref: 46 Objective: How do criminological research and experimental criminology affect social policy? Level: Basic 14) In a research report, the ________ allows the author to make personal observations that may not be appropriate within the body of the report. Answer: preface Page Ref: 48 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Basic 15) ________ journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them. Answer: Refereed Page Ref: 49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Basic 2.4 Matching Questions Place the steps in the theory-building process in the proper order. A) Step 5 B) Step 6 C) Step 1 D) Step 2 E) Step 7 F) Step 3 G) Step 4 1) The hypothesis is tested Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 2) A correlation is observed Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 3) A theory is proposed Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 4) Theory-based understanding is achieved Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 5) Questions are raised about causes Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 6) A Theory-based hypothesis is developed Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate 7) Theory-based social policies result Page Ref: 31 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) F 4) G 5) D 6) A 7) E Match the type of research with its definition. A) Research undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge B) Research based on scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out with practical applications in mind C) Research characterized by original and direct investigation D) Research based on new evaluations of existing information that has been collected by other researchers 8) Applied research Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 9) Pure research Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 10) Primary research Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 11) Secondary research Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate Answers: 8) B 9) A 10) C 11) D Place the stages in the scientific research process in order. A) Step 2 B) Step 3 C) Step 1 D) Step 4 12) Review of findings Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 13) Development of research design Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 14) Problem identification Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 15) Choice of data collection techniques Page Ref: 33 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate Answers: 12) D 13) A 14) C 15) B Identify the threats with the type of validity they threaten. A) Internal validity B) External validity 16) Pretest effects Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 17) History Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 18) Reactivity Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 19) Self-selection Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 20) Maturation Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 21) Instrumentation Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 22) Experimenter bias Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 23) Multiple-treatment interference Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 24) Statistical regression Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 25) Experimental mortality Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate Answers: 16) B 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) A 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) A 25) A Match each threat to the validity of a research design with the appropriate example. A) A researcher selects subjects based on their extreme scores on a personality test. When the subjects are tested again later, their scores are less extreme. B) A specific event takes place between the first and second observations in a study that may affect measurement. C) Prior to experiencing a treatment, subjects in a study take a pretest. This sensitizes them to the topic of the study. They may react differently to the treatment than would subjects who did not take the pretest first. D) The researcher applies two different treatments to the experimental group in a research study. E) While interviewing subjects during an experiment, the researcher does not treat the subjects in the experimental and control group identically. F) Instead of randomly selecting students to participate in a study on campus, the researcher asks students to volunteer. As a result, only students who are interested in the study participate. G) A researcher conducts an experiment in an elementary school to determine the effectiveness of an anti-drug education program. As there are an equal number of boys and girls in the school, the researcher finds it easier to assign all the boys to the experimental group and all the girls to the treatment group. H) A researcher conducts an experiment in a prison to determine the effect of a new treatment program. During the experiment, a large number of the inmates in the control group are released on parole, although no inmates in the experimental group are paroled during the course of the study. I) During the process of a study, subjects become tired, affecting their responses. J) A researcher brings subjects into a lab to conduct a study. The subjects are aware that they are being studied and may not behave normally. K) During a large-scale study in which crime victims are interviewed, two interviewers resign and must be replaced. 26) Pretest effects Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 27) History Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 28) Reactivity Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed Level: Difficult 29) Self-selection Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 30) Maturation Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 31) Instrumentation Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 32) Experimenter bias Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 33) Multiple-treatment interference Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 34) Statistical regression Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 35) Experimental mortality Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 36) Differential selection Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult Answers: 26) C 27) B 28) J 29) F 30) I 31) K 32) E 33) D 34) A 35) H 36) G Match the data collection technique to its definition. A) An in-depth investigation into a single subject or group B) The researcher joins a group to gather data on the group’s activities C) The use of questionnaires to gather data D) Individuals are asked to keep a journal about their frequency of involvement in a specific activity E) Examining pre-existing data in new ways 37) Participant observation Page Ref: 38-40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 38) Secondary analysis Page Ref: 38-40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 39) Case studies Page Ref: 38-40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 40) Surveys Page Ref: 38-40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate 41) Self-reporting Page Ref: 38-40 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Intermediate Answers: 37) B 38) E 39) A 40) C 41) D Match the element of a research report to its features. A) Provides an overview of the methodology used by the researcher and explains how the problem was investigated B) A brief summary of the report’s findings C) Includes the names and professional affiliations of all authors D) A discussion of any shortcomings in the researcher so that readers may assess their impacts on the reported results E) A discussion of relevant works of other researchers and prior research F) A statement of what is being tested in the research study G) Bibliography of all materials used in planning the study and preparing the research report 42) List of references Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 43) Statement of hypothesis Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 44) Review of existing literature Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 45) Disclaimers/limitations Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 46) Abstract Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 47) Title page Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate 48) Description of research plan Page Ref: 48-49 Objective: What sections might a typical research report contain? Level: Intermediate Answers: 42) G 43) F 44) E 45) D 46) B 47) C 48) A 2.5 Essay Questions 1) Identify the four eras of criminology and discuss how they have influenced the current field of criminology today. Answer: Answers should define the four eras of criminology based on the textbook: the golden age of research (1900-1930), the golden age of theory (1930-1960), the age of theory testing and empirical methods (1960-2000), and the current era (21st century) that is heir to the first three. Criminology has moved into the scientific or evidence-based criminology that we see today, building off of the previous periods. Page Ref: 29-30 Objective: What is the role of social scientific research methods in the development of criminological theories? How does the meaning of the word evidence in evidence-based criminology differ from the evidence found at a crime scene or the evidence used in criminal trials? Level: Intermediate 2) What is a theory? What is the role of theories in the field of criminology? Answer: Responses should define theory, based on the description in the textbook, as a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. Answers should connect the role of theory building in the field as one that helps construct models to allow for better understanding of criminal behavior, and in turn, better development of social policies to reduce criminal behavior. Page Ref: 30-33 Objective: What is a theory? What purposes do theories serve? What role do research and experimentation play in theory building in criminology? Level: Difficult 3) Define the two types of validity and explain some of the factors that may threaten validity in research designs. How can threats to the two types of validity be addressed? Answer: Answers should explain the two types of confounding effects, which may invalidate the results of research — internal validity (limits to the certainty that the research interventions caused observed changes in research findings) and external validity (factors limiting the ability of researchers to generalize research findings to other settings). Responses should also list some of the specific threats to internal and external validity listed in Figures 2-2 and 2-3. Strategies to address these threats, such as control and randomization, should also be discussed. Page Ref: 35-37 Objective: What is internal validity? External validity? How can threats to internal and external validity be addressed? Level: Difficult 2.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Explain how theory building develops in the field and contributes to social policy in criminology. Please provide examples. Answer: While examples will vary, all answers should accurately define theory according to the textbook as a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. All answers should explain a bit of the theory developing process, including observations, theory/hypothesis development, evidence-based testing, and the results leading up to social policy development. Answers should also discuss the importance of and problems with ensuring that research results guide daily practice and social policy. Page Ref: 30-33, 46-47 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 2) What are some of the values and ethics that criminologists must consider when conducting research? How are they addressed? Answer: Answers should address how criminologists work to prevent biases in research conducted, data confidentiality, informed consent, and the overall protection of human subjects in research. Some answers may include participation observation issues as well as building a code of ethics for researchers in the field. Page Ref: 44-45 Objective: What are some of the ethical considerations involved in conducting criminological research? Level: Intermediate