Test Bank For Criminal Justice in America, 9th Edition

Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation True / False 1. Robberies and other visible crimes are among the least profitable criminal activities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. International crimes, such as terrorism and genocide, are also considered transnational crimes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Public order crimes, such as public drunkenness, are a type of visible crimes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. The provision of illicit goods is a type of occupational crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Property crimes threaten both personal and public property. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. Visible crimes are typically committed by older career criminals. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. Occupational crimes are often profitable and usually do not come to the public’s attention. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. Victimless crimes are prosecuted on the idea that society as a whole is being injured, even if the participants in the criminal act do not feel victimized. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. Organized crime has been observed in all immigrant groups to America as one of the first steps on the so-called “ladder of social mobility.” Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. Relatively few political crimes take place in western democracies compared with other countries. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. As a metaphor, the use of the phrase, “dark figure of crime,” serves to downplay the less dangerous aspects of crime that get reported to police. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 12. It is fairly easy to track crime for criminal justice research purposes because of the wide availability of accurate data. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 13. The UCR and NCVS do not provide a clear picture of the amount of crime because of the differences in the way that each measures crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 14. Most people do not report auto theft to the police. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 15. The NCVS incorporates a survey of businesses to assess their rate of victimization. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 16. Males aged 16-24 are the most crime-prone demographic group. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 17. Both the UCR and NCVS indicate that crime in the United States has been decreasing since 1995. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 18. Victimology is a field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 19. Routine activity explanations of crime suggest that three factors converge to increase the likelihood of criminal behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 20. Everyone has an equal chance of becoming a victim of crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 21. An individual whose lifestyle includes visiting nightclubs and staying out late has an increased risk of victimization compared to someone who stays home in the evenings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 22. Race is a key factor in exposure to crime: white citizens are more likely to be victimized than black citizens. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 23. A small percentage of crime is committed by acquaintances and relatives of victims, especially crimes committed against women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 24. The kind of crime a victim suffers tends to depend on whether strangers or nonstrangers are the perpetrators. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 25. Many victims of crime behave in ways that facilitate their becoming victims. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 26. Sexual assault victims are more likely to be assaulted by someone they know. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 27. The psychological and emotional affects of crime on a victim cannot be calculated, and so are not considered as a cost of crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 28. Income has no influence on likelihood of crime victimization. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 29. Politicians’ statements may contribute to fear of crime. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 30. The criminal justice system is often not sensitive to the needs of the victim. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 31. Classical criminology holds that criminal behavior is irrational. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 32. One strain of thought is that certain people are criminogenic—that is, they are born criminals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 33. Positivist criminologists believe that scientific methods can be effectively used to discover the causes of crime and to treat deviants. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 34. Proposals for chemical castration of repeat sex offenders are based on sociological explanations of crime. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation ANSWER: False 35. The term “anomie” applies to a situation in which the rules or norms that guide behavior have been strengthened or reinforced. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 36. Control theories suggest that individuals exhibit criminal behavior due to the social processes inherent in the criminal justice system. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 37. Life course theories of criminal behavior attempt to identify important developmental pathways to criminal behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 38. Most theories about crime are based on an analysis of men’s behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 39. Recent data indicates that women’s participation in violent crimes is skyrocketing. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Multiple Choice 40. Which of the following is not an example of a visible crime? a. Violent crimes b. Property crimes c. Public-order crimes d. “Ordinairy or street crime” e. Money laundering ANSWER: e 41. Acts against people in which death or physical injury results are known as: a. occupational crime. b. cyber crime. c. property crime. d. violent crime. e. public-order crime. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation ANSWER: d 42. So-called “street crime” or “ordinary crime,” which involves criminal acts that are the least profitable and least protected, is also known as: a. political crime. b. crimes without victims. c. visible crime. d. organized crime. e. occupational crime. ANSWER: c 43. Which of the following is not a type of crime? a. Political crime b. Victimless crime c. Transnational crime d. Organized crime e. Thought crime ANSWER: e 44. Crimes that threaten the general well-being of society and challenge accepted moral principles are defined as _______ crimes. a. violent b. limited c. general-order d. public-order e. high-visibility ANSWER: d 45. Which of the following is an example of a visible crime? a. Murder b. Espionage c. Public drunkenness d. Price fixing e. Treason ANSWER: a 46. Which of the following is not an example of a property crime? a. Larceny b. Burglary c. Shoplifting d. Embezzlement e. Disorderly conduct ANSWER: e Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 47. Which of the following is an example of an occupational crime? a. Murder b. Espionage c. Illegal drug sales d. Embezzlement e. Prostitution ANSWER: d 48. Moving the proceeds of criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts so as to disguise their origin is known as: a. money laundering. b. cleaning money. c. occupatinal crime. d. victimless crime. e. transnational crime. ANSWER: a 49. ______________ involves a network of activities, usually cutting across state and national borders which range from legitimate businesses to shady deals with labor unions. a. Political crime b. Cyber crime c. Visible crime d. Organized crime e. Occupational crime ANSWER: d 50. Profit-seeking criminal activities that involve planning, execution, or victimization that crosses national borders is called: a. transnational crime. b. espionage. c. victimless crime. d. embezzlement. e. organized crime. ANSWER: a 51. Which is not one of the categories of transnational crimes? a. Provision of illicit goods b. Provision of illegal services c. Infiltration of business or government d. Political crime e. None of the above are examples of transnational crimes. ANSWER: d 52. Which is not a type of transnational crime? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation a. Terrorism. b. Human trafficking. c. Cyber crimes. d. The transportation and sale of counterfeit goods. e. Money laundering. ANSWER: a 53. The infiltration of business or government includes all of the following types of crime except: a. bribery. b. extortion. c. money laundering. d. drug trafficking. e. fraud. ANSWER: d 54. Which of the following is/are challenge(s) faced by law enforcement when it comes to transnational crimes? a. Permission must be granted by the host country before U.S. authorities can operate there. b. Host countries may tolerate certain transnational crimes. c. The governments of some host countries may be corrupt. d. Coordination between the United States and foreign countries may be difficult. e. Some countries have less transnational crime than others. ANSWER: e 55. Which of the following offenses would not fall into the category of cyber crime? a. Distributing illegal pornography via the Internet b. Sending spam in order to obtain bank account and credit card numbers c. Emailing viruses meant to corrupt computer systems d. Hacking into a bank account to steal money e. Using a fake ID to purchase alcohol ANSWER: e 56. The method by which child pornography is frequently disseminated makes it a a. political b. cyber c. transnational d. provision of illicit goods type of e. financial ANSWER: b crime. 57. According to the UCR and other government sources, over the past 20 years the rate of violent crime has: a. remained about the same. b. generally and consistently decreased. c. generally trended upward. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation d. showed a sharp and consistent increase. e. been immeasurable. ANSWER: b 58. The concept that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is known as: a. invisible crime b. the dark figure of crime c. lost crime d. hidden crime e. unreported crime ANSWER: b 59. Which of the following is a statistical summary of crimes reported by the police to the FBI? a. The NCVS b. The DBR c. The UCR d. The NIBRS e. The BIS ANSWER: c 60. Of the following crimes, which crime are individuals the least likely to report? a. Homicide b. Motor vehicle theft c. Rape d. Robbery e. Aggravated assault ANSWER: c 61. Which of the following statements is true concerning the UCR? a. The UCR provides a useful but incomplete picture of crime levels b. The UCR is an accurate compilation of criminal statistics c. Because it is compiled at the federal level the UCR is more reliable than data compiled at the state level d. The UCR is compiled at the local level under direction of state governments e. The UCR is unreliable and generally of little practical use ANSWER: a 62. A source of crime data from interviews conducted to gather on unreported as well as reported crimes is called: a. the National Crime Victimization Survey. b. the National Burglary Registry. c. the Uniform Crime Reports. d. the National Incident-Based Reporting System. e. the Bureau of Information Systems. ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 63. Why does the NCVS not measure homicide? a. Homicide is excluded from the NCVS as a Part I offense. b. Homicide victims cannot report their own murder. c. Not all homicides are identified as such, so rates are unreliable. d. Homicide is measured by the UCR. e. There is little physical evidence of homicide. ANSWER: b 64. According to Cole and Smith, which is not an explanation for the recent drop in both violent and property crime? a. The aging of the baby boomers b. Increased use of security systems c. A dramatic decline in the use of crack cocaine d. Greater awareness of the societal costs of crime e. Aggressive police efforts to keep handguns off the streets ANSWER: d 65. Which of the following statements concerning instruments of crime measurement is true? a. The UCR is the most accurate. b. The NCVS is the least accurate. c. Both the UCR and the NCVS are equally accurate. d. Both the UCR and the NCVS are distorted because of the differences in crime measurement. e. The UCR and the NCVS, if taken together, create an accurate picture. ANSWER: d 66. According to the lifestyle exposure model, which of the following groups is most likely to be victimized? a. Elderly white females b. Elderly white males c. Elderly black females d. Young black males e. Young white males ANSWER: d 67. Which of the following statements concerning race and crime victims is true? a. Most violent crime is interracial. b. Whites are most likely to be victims of violent crime. c. Most victims and offenders are from different social classes. d. Whites are not fearful of being victimized by black strangers. e. African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes. ANSWER: e 68. Supporters of tough crime-control policies use which of the following as justification for their support? a. Crime causes poverty. b. Laws must ensure strict and certain penalties. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation c. Longer prison sentences removes hardened criminals from the community. d. Police must have resources and legal backing to pursue criminals. e. All of the above are justifications used to support tough crime-control policies. ANSWER: e 69. Which of the following statements concerning age cohorts and the rate of crime is true? a. Men aged 16-24 are the least crime-prone group. b. The rise in crime in the 1970s has been blamed on the decreased numbers of 16- 24-year-olds. c. The increase in crime in the 2000s was due to higher than usual numbers of 14- 24 year-olds. d. The maturing of the post-World War II baby boomers in the 1980s is likely the cause for the decrease in the crime rate. e. During the 1990s, the larger than usual 16- to 24-year age cohort likely contributed to the increase in crime. ANSWER: d 70. Which is not a question that victimology advocates would seek to focus attention? a. What are the negative effects of mandatory sentencing on offenders? b. Who is victimized? c. What is the impact of crime? d. What happens to victims in the criminal justice system? e. What roles do victims play in causing the crimes they suffer? ANSWER: a 71. Which statement about the role of the crime victim is inaccurate? a. Many victims of crime have lifestyles that make crime more likely. b. The use of illegal drugs increases victimization. c. Victims of crime are often the target of more crime. d. The victim of crime often plays no role in being victimized. e. Crime is more prevalant among the poor. ANSWER: d 72. According to U.S. Department of Justice statistics, which of the following demographic groups is least likely to become a victim of violent crime? a. Middle-aged Asian men and women b. White female juveniles c. African American men and women over 65 years of age d. White men and women over 65 years of age e. Men and women living on college campuses ANSWER: d 73. Which of the following is a risk factor for exposure to crime? a. Low-income city dwellers b. Age c. Race Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation d. Gender e. All of the above are considered risk factors. ANSWER: e 74. Which statement is true regarding crime victimization? a. Whites are more likely than blacks to be victims. b. Older people are more likely than the young to be victims. c. Females are more likely than males to be victims. d. Blacks are more likely than whites to be victims. e. Where you live doe snot affect the likelihood of someone being a victim of crime. ANSWER: d 75. Researchers have found that ______ are the most likely to be victimized by crime. a. younger female residents of higher income communities b. older female residents of lower income communities c. young female residents of lower income communities d. young male residents of lower income communities e. older male residents of lower income communities. ANSWER: d 76. Which statement is true regarding crime? a. Few crimes are intraracial. b. Relatives or acquaintances of the victim commit insignificant amounts of crime. c. The financial and emotional cost to society of crime is relatiely low. d. Most crime occurs between members of different races. e. Crime and race have little correlation. ANSWER: d 77. Which is an impact of crime on a victim? a. Fear b. Financial costs c. Emotional costs d. Lifestyle restrictions e. All of the above are potential impacts of crime on a victim ANSWER: e 78. Which of the following is true concerning female victims of rape? a. About three-quarters of sexual assaults against women are perpetrated by an acquaintance of the victim. b. Most women do not take protective measures to avoid being attacked by strangers. c. Many women place themselves at risk of sexual assault due to behavioral patterns. d. Most rapes occur in outside areas away from the victim’s home. e. Pepper spray and other weapons are excellent deterrents against sexual assaults. ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 79. Which of the following statements is not true concerning the costs of crime? a. Crime generates economic costs, such as medical expenses. b. Crime has been shown to balance with economic advantages, such as the creation of criminal justice system jobs. c. Crime may contribute to lower economic productivity. d. Crime may have emotional costs, such as a diminished quality of life. e. Crime often generates psychological costs. ANSWER: b 80. Which of the following is not a burden placed on individual crime victims? a. Jury duty b. Psychological effects c. Insensitive treatment by justice system officials d. Legal costs e. Medical costs ANSWER: d 81. Which of the following is true concerning the general fear of crime in American society? a. Fear of punishment limits what perpetrators can do. b. Fear creates healthy anxieties that keeps one safe. c. Most Americans reject living in fear as a part of their daily life. d. Television has desensitized Americans to the risks of crime. e. Fear of crime is pervasive and costly. ANSWER: e 82. The belief that certain people are born criminals is called: a. crimophile. b. subsocial. c. criminogenic. d. predisposition. e. cryogenic. ANSWER: c 83. Which of the following statements does not reflect a major principle of classical criminology? a. Criminal behavior is rational. b. People who commit crimes weigh the costs and benefits. c. Fear of punishment keeps most people in check. d. Punishment should be tailored to each individual person. e. The criminal justice system must be predictable, with laws and punishments known to the public. ANSWER: d 84. The classical school of criminology was heavily influenced by the philosopher: a. Cesare Beccaria. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation b. Sigmund Freud. c. Adam Smith. d. Edwin Sutherland. e. Socrates. ANSWER: a 85. Which of the following is not considered a factor in biological explanations of crime? a. Environment b. Nutrition c. Genetic predisposition d. IQ e. Neurology ANSWER: a 86. Which type of criminology studies the body, mind, and the environment of the offender using the scientific method? a. classical b. neoclassical c. positivist d. victimology e. criminogenic ANSWER: c 87. Researchers who focus on the genetic predispositions to criminal behavior are working under these theoretical perspectives of behavior. a. Classical theories b. Psychological theories c. Sociological theories d. Life course theories e. Biological theories ANSWER: e 88. According to Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which stage of life is held to be most significant? a. Fetal development b. Early childhood c. Adolescence d. Middle age e. Old age ANSWER: b 89. Psychological explanations of crime include which of the following? a. Genetics b. Free will c. Antisocial personalities Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation d. Gender e. Nutrition ANSWER: c 90. ________ asserts that all members of society have the capacity to commit crime, but most are restrained by social norms. a. Labeling theory. b. Learning theory. c. Control theory. d. Normal theory. e. Political theory. ANSWER: c 91. The concept of anomie refers to: a. the process by which offenders are labeled as criminal. b. a breakdown in the rules or norms of a society. c. the biological factors that increase the likelihood of crime. d. political influences on crime control policy. e. the conflict between economic classes. ANSWER: b 92. ___________ theories identify factors influencing the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior in an offender. a. Social conflict b. Life course c. Social process d. Conflict e. Social learning ANSWER: b 93. _______ theories combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model. a. Learning b. Life course c. Integrated d. Social learning e. Labeling ANSWER: c 94. _________________ theories postulate that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or weakened. a. Control b. Labeling c. Feminist d. Integrated Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation e. Anomie ANSWER: a 95. Longitudinal studies that follow individuals from childhood to adulthood in order to identify the factors associated with beginning, avoiding, continuing, or ceasing individual behavior test would _______ theory? a. critical b. life course c. conflict d. criminogenic e. social process ANSWER: b 96. ____________ theories draw from multiple disciplines with differing perspectives to create a larger model for explaining criminal behavior. a. Integrated b. Strain c. Control d. Psychological e. Life course ANSWER: a 97. The concept of anomie refers to: a. the process by which offenders are labeled as criminal. b. a breakdown in the rules or norms of a society. c. the biological factors that increase the likelihood of crime. d. political influences on crime policy. e. the conflict between economic classes. ANSWER: b 98. The use of drugs to inhibit the urges of sex offenders would be a policy implication in line with which theory? a. Psychological theories b. Biological theories c. Critical theories d. Life course theories e. Integrated theories ANSWER: b 99. Which of the following arguments does not explain the current trend in female arrest and conviction rates? a. With the expansion of job opportunities available to women, fewer women need to resort to crime to support themselves. b. As women and men become more equal, gender differences in criminality decrease. c. The increase in job opportunities available to women also increases their opportunities to commit crime. d. Women are less likely to receive preferential treatment from police and prosecutors than in the past. e. Social norms have changed over the past 70 years making the the arrest and conviction of female defendants Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation more acceptable. ANSWER: b Completion 100. Assault, murder, rape and robbery are all examples of ___________ crime. ANSWER: violent 101. Theft, larceny and shoplifting are all examples of __________ crime. ANSWER: property 102. Acts that threaten the general well-being of society and challenge accepted moral principles are defined as ___________ crime. ANSWER: public-order 103. ____________________ crimes are those crimes that are committed in the context of a legal business or profession. ANSWER: Occupational 104. The planning or execution of criminal activities across national borders is referred to as _________ crime. ANSWER: transnational 105. Gambling, prostitution, and drug use are sometimes referred to as crimes without _________. ANSWER: victims 106. ___________ crimes are usually done for ideological purposes and constitutes a threat against the state. ANSWER: Political 107. Moving the proceeds of criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts so as to disguise their origin is referred to as _________. ANSWER: money laundering 108. ___________ involve the use of computers and the Internet to commit acts against people, property, public order, or morality. ANSWER: Cyber crimes 109. The large numbers of crimes that are not reported is known as the ____________________. ANSWER: dark figure of crime 110. ____________________ crime is often referred to as “street crime.” ANSWER: Visible 111. The ____________________ measures crime based on victim interviews. ANSWER: National Crime Victimization Survey 112. A reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim, and property is the ________. ANSWER: National Crime Victimization Survey Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 113. The Uniform Crime Reports are compiled and maintained by the ______________. ANSWER: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI 114. Since the 1990’s the number of violent crimes in the United States has significantly _______________. ANSWER: decreased 115. The age cohort most prone to commit crime is the _____________ age group. ANSWER: 16-24 year old 116. A person’s routine activities may increase the likelihood of ________. ANSWER: victimization 117. Researchers have found that young ____ residents of lower-income communities are the most likely to be victimized by crime. ANSWER: male 118. Victimology began as a field in the _____. ANSWER: 1950s 119. _________ is a field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims. ANSWER: Victimology 120. ___________ suggests three factors converge to increase the likelihood of criminal behavior: likely offenders; suitable targets; and the absence of capable guardians. ANSWER: Routine activities 121. The field of criminology that focuses on the role of the victim is known as ____________________. ANSWER: victimology 122. The ____________________ model holds that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime. ANSWER: lifestyle-exposure 123. _________ theory holds that crime is the result of underlying social conditions, such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment. ANSWER: Social structure 124. Having factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual is called __________. ANSWER: criminogenic 125. ______________________ is a school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others. ANSWER: Classical criminology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 126. An early theory of explaining criminal behavior is that certain people are _________________, that is, they are born criminal. ANSWER: criminogenic 127. In his theories of criminal behavior, Robert Merton described a breakdown or disappearance of the rules of social behavior as _______________________. ANSWER: anomie 128. ________________________ theories postulate that members of the lower class, especially the younger members, are the most likely to engage in crime. ANSWER: Social structure 129. ____________________ criminology maintains that human behavior is controlled by physical, mental, and social factors. ANSWER: Positivist 130. ____________ suggest that offenders have criminal careers that often begin with pathways into youth crime but can change and end through turning points in life. ANSWER: Life course 131. The idea that criminal law is an instrument used by the rich to control the poor is most characteristic of ____________________ theory. ANSWER: social conflict 132. ____________________ theory suggests that criminal behavior is the result of the social definition of certain acts as criminal or deviant. ANSWER: Labeling 133. In 2010 women accounted for approximately _____ percent of all arrests. ANSWER: 25 twenty-five Subjective Short Answer Lynn is a college student who became frustrated with the small amount of money she was making as an associate in a retail store. A friend suggested that she consider working in the “escort” business. Lynn later became a prostitute who catered to high-end clients. She is able to pay tuition and buy many of the items that she wants. Lynn was recently arrested during a sting operation targeting interstate organized crime syndicates, of which Lynn had become involved. 134. Lynn considers her activities as victimless; which of the following is the most common justification given for the prosecution of such “victimless” crimes? a. Society as a whole is harmed because its moral fabric is threatened. b. Most victimless crimes eventually lead to violence. c. Most victimless crimes are drug related. d. Investigation of victimless crimes usually leads to discovery of serious crimes. e. Victimless crimes are normally connected to organized crime groups. ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 135. Though Lynn considers her activities to be victimless, the criminal laws of her state consider her activities to be criminal. Advocates of Lynn’s freedom to choose such a lifestyle would classify her activity as a(n): a. mala in se crime. b. mala prohibita crime. c. immoral crime. d. public order crime. e. crime of shared culpability. ANSWER: d 136. Proponents of the lifestyle-exposure model would argue that, even though Lynn considers her activities as victimless, which of the following could be a negative result of her choice? a. She could be charged with a felony. b. Her age would affect the amount of money she would make. c. Her reputation could be tarnished. d. She dramatically increases her likelihood of becoming a victim of violent crime. e. Since the actions are victimless her actions have no negative results. ANSWER: d During a recent statewide election voters elected a much more ideologically conservative state legislature. Over the next couple of years that legislature enacted several “get tough” laws aimed at restoring capital punishment, creating mandatory sentences, and removing several options for appeal of the convictions. The legislature justified these actions by arguing that victims were not being considered strongly enough in the criminal process and that convicted persons needed to take responsibility for their crimes. 137. A resurgence of some of the ideas of classical criminology occurred in the late twentieth century. This more recent conservative school of thought is referred to as ___________ criminology. a. new age b. rigid c. positivist d. neoclassical e. resurgent ANSWER: d 138. A foundation of classical criminology is the belief and advocacy of: a. criminogenics. b. genetic predisposition. c. neurological factors. d. free will. e. justice. ANSWER: d Anna Bert is a college graduate who has worked for a well-known bank as a VP for 10 years. Anna grew up in a middleclass family with her mother, father, and brother. She is married and has a five-month-old little girl. On a Saturday night, Ms. Bert suffocates her daughter with a pillow. When law enforcement arrives, she states that the baby would just not be quiet and she could not take it anymore. 139. Soon after Ms. Bert’s psychological assessment, she is diagnosed with postpartum psychosis. Which category of theories explains Ms. Bert’s behavior? a. Biological b. Psychological c. Sociological Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 20 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation d. Social process e. Feminist ANSWER: b 140. Once Ms. Bert delivered her daughter, she decided to take a one-year leave of absence from her job. She also stopped going to her church. Because of her lack of recent socialization and ties to the community, what other theory could explain Ms. Bert’s behavior? a. Labeling b. Feminist c. Control d. Psychological d. Social process ANSWER: c 141. Recently, scholars have determined that women who commit crimes are not adequately represented in the research. As in Ms. Bert’s particular case, a theory that modern researchers examining her life would apply to this case would be ________ theory. a. labeling b. feminist c. life course theories d. social process e. control ANSWER: c Ethan has been raised in a poverty stricken neighborhood with a single mother and five siblings. He has never met his father. He spent time in a juvenile facility for robbery when he was 13. His mother frequently told him he would never amount to anything and eventually he believed it. Ethan is currently awaiting trial for murder. 142. According to scholars, which theory may explain Ethan’s behavior? a. Biological b. Psychological c. Social structure d. Sritical e. Feminist ANSWER: c 143. With the information provided, scholars may also determine that this theory may alternatively explain Ethan’s behavior: a. control. b. social process. c. biological. d. feminist. e. critical. ANSWER: b Essay 144. Define transnational crime. Discuss the three categories of transnational crime. ANSWER: Responses will vary Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 21 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – Crime and Crime Causation 145. Categorize crime using the seven broad categories discussed in the chapter. ANSWER: Responses will vary 146. Discuss how crime control policies may influence crime rates. ANSWER: Responses will vary 147. How are crime rates affected by changes in social conditions, including demographic trends and unemployment rates? ANSWER: Responses will vary 148. Both the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Surveys attempt to measure crime rates and victimization in the United States, but each is compiled using different methods and sources. Describe how each of the two measurements is compiled and discuss ways in which the two may compliment the other. ANSWER: Responses will vary 149. What role does age play in the rate of crime in the United States? Is age a consistent and reliable factor in criminality? ANSWER: Responses will vary 150. Explain the role of victims in crime. ANSWER: Responses will vary 151. What are some of the negative impacts of crime victimization on American society? ANSWER: Responses will vary 152. What are the primary differences in the classical and positivist schools of criminology? ANSWER: Responses will vary 153. Some states have eliminated education programs for inmates in their prisons. Which theoretical perspective would argue that educational programs in prison are beneficial? If prison programs are cut, what recommendations would a theorist in this field make for reducing crime among prison releases? ANSWER: Responses will vary 154. Explain why there are gender differences in crime. Why do women commit less crime than men? What is the trend with women and crime? ANSWER: Responses will vary Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 22