Test Bank for Computer Science: An Overview, 13th Edition

Test Bank—Chapter Eleven (Artificial Intelligence) Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is an example of procedural knowledge? A. Knowing the rate of growth of the world’s population B. Knowing how to tie your shoes C. Knowing your name D. Knowing the exchange rate of different national currencies ANSWER: B 2. Which of the following is not a component of a production system? A. Control system C. Associative memory B. Collection of states D. Collection of productions ANSWER: C 3. Which of the following is actually constructed during a heuristic search? A. State graph B. Search tree C. Production system ANSWER: B 4. A heuristic is applied during a search process in hopes of producing a A. Depth-first search B. Breadth-first search ANSWER: A 5. If the heuristic being used is the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place, which of the following eight-puzzle will be given priority for further consideration by a heuristic search? A. 1 2 3 45 786 B. 23 1 56 4 78 C. 1 3 4 26 7 58 D. 13 4 26 7 58 ANSWER: A 6. If a heuristic search is used to solve the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below using thenumber-of-tiles-out-of-place as the heuristic, which of the following nodes will not be considered during the search? 1 2 4 53 7 86 A. 1 2 4 53 7 86 B. 1 5 2 4 3 7 86 C. 1 5 2 4 3 7 86 D. 1 2 3 45 7 86 ANSWER: C © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 7. Which of the following learning technique results in an agent merely performing a pre-recorded sequence of steps? A. Imitation B. Supervised training C. Reinforcement ANSWER: A 8. In an artificial neural network, which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 3 to produce an output of 1 only when both of its inputs are 1? A. 0, 0 B. 2, 0 C. 0, 2 D. 2, 2 ANSWER: D 9. In an artificial neural network, which of the following pairs of input connection weights would cause a neuron with two inputs and a threshold value of 2 to produce an output of 0 only when both of its inputs are 0? A. 0, 0 B. 3, 0 C. 0, 3 D. 3, 3 ANSWER: D 10. In an artificial neural network, what must be true about the threshold value of a neuron that processes an output of 1 when all of its inputs are 0? A. It is less than -2. B. It is not positive. C. Both A and B are true. D. Nothing can be determined without knowing the weights. ANSWER: B 11. The assumption that a statement is false unless it can be explicitly derived from the information available is called A. Meta-reasoning B. The closed-world assumption C. The frame problem D. The Turing test ANSWER: B 12. In an artificial neural network, what input values will cause the neuron below to produce an output of 1. 1 -2 .5 1 A. All three 0 B. All three 1 C. Any combination in which the center input is 0 and at least one other input is 1 D. Any combination in which at least one input is 1 ANSWER: C © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 13. The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text. What stable state will the system reach if it is initiated with the top and bottom neurons excited and the others inhibited? .5 -1 -1 1 .5 -1 .5 1 -1 .5 A. All neurons excited C. No neurons excited B. Only the side neurons excited D. Only the top and bottom neurons excited ANSWER: D 14. Which of the following programming methodologies seeks to develop software by a “trial and error” approach? A. Object-oriented programming C. Evolutionary programming B. Structured programming D. Declarative programming ANSWER: C 15. At what “stage” of analysis is the meaning of a pronoun such as he or she identified? A. Syntactic analysis B. Semantic analysis C. Contextual analysis ANSWER: C 16. At what “stage” of analysis are the sentences There were exactly twelve books on the table. and There were twelve books on the table, no more and no less. recognized as saying the same thing? A. Syntactic analysis B. Semantic analysis C. Contextual analysis ANSWER: B 17. At what “stage” of analysis is the meaning of the word ball in the following sentence determined? At the party John was having a ball. A. Syntactic analysis B. Semantic analysis C. Contextual analysis ANSWER: C © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 18. Which of the following is a statement of the closed-world assumption? A. The database contains only partial information. B. The database contains only true statements. C. If a statement is not a consequence of information in the database, then the statement is false. D. The database contains all the information known to humans. ANSWER: C Fill-in-the-blank/Short-answer Questions 1. List two types of agent actions/responses that are more complex than mere reflect actions. _________________ _________________ ANSWER: Possible answers include: goal-directed actions and knowledge-based actions. 2. In each blank below place a P or an S to indicate whether the associated activity is performance oriented (P) or simulation oriented (S). ____ Writing a program that applies a particular economic theory to see if that theory leads to realistic consequences. ____ Writing a program to allow a database system to receive requests verbally. ____ Writing a program to control an automated aircraft landing system. ____ Writing a program to handle a university’s registration system. ANSWER: S, P, P, P 3. Place an X in the blanks below that are associated with tasks that could likely be performed by means of relatively simple pattern matching methods as opposed to requiring advanced image analysis techniques. ____ Identifying characters on a printed page ____ Identifying one domino from another ____ Distinguishing the parts of a photograph that represent living organic entities as opposed to inert objects. ____ Distinguishing photographs of family outings from those of business meetings ANSWER: First and second 4. A production system consists of a collection of ___________ representing various configurations of the problem at hand, a collection of ______________ representing potential steps from one “configuration” to another, and a ____________________ whose task is to find a solution to the problem at hand. ANSWER: States, productions, control system © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 5. Suppose the task of solving the equation 3x + 2 = 17 were analyzed as a production system. A. What would be the goal state? __________ B. What would be the production that would probably be applied first? ______________________________________________________________________ ANSWER: A. Any set of valid equations containing x = 5. B. The most likely answer would be “subtract 2 from both sides of the equation.” Another possibility is “divide both sides of the equation by 3.” 6. How many nodes would be in the search tree generated by a heuristic search when solving the eightpuzzle from the starting configuration below if the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place were used as the heuristic? 12 4 53 7 86 ____________ ANSWER: 7 or 8 (depending on whether the student counts both of the final options or stops with only the goal) 7. Suppose the search tree below is being constructed to solve the eight-puzzle using the-number-of-tilesout-of-place as the heuristic. In each blank under a terminal node, write the heuristic value of the associated node. Then, circle the node that the search would pursue next. 1 3 4 26 7 58 / | 13 1 23 1 3 4 26 4 6 4 26 7 58 7 58 7 58 ___ ___ ___ ANSWER: 4, 2, 4. Circle: center node 8. What is the effective input of an artificial neuron whose inputs are 1, 0, 1 and whose associated connection weights are 3, -3, -1, respectively? ____________ ANSWER: 2 © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 9. Fill in the blank at the output end of each neuron in the artificial neural network below. 2 1 .5 __ -2 -1 __ -3 1 4 1 .5 __ .5 ANSWER: Outputs from the left neurons are both 1, output from the right neuron is 0. 10. Fill in the blanks with input values that will cause the artificial neural network below to produce an output of 1. 2 __ .5 -1 -2 1 .5 1 -3 __ 4 .5 ANSWER: Upper input: 0, lower input: 1 11. Fill in the connection weights so that the artificial neuron below produces an output of 1 only when the upper input is 1 and the lower input is 0. __ .5 __ ANSWER: 1, -1 is a possible answer. 12. Fill in the connection weights so that the artificial neuron below produces an output of 1 only when the upper two inputs are 1 and the lower input is 0. __ __ 1.5 __ ANSWER: 1, 1, -1 is a possible answer. © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 13. The diagram below represents an associative memory as described in the text. What threshold value could be assigned to all the neurons to ensure that no neuron would ever be excited by the others? __ -1 -1 1 __ -1 __ 1 -1 __ _________ ANSWER: Any value bigger than 1 14. The field of research known as _______________________ seeks to apply survival-of-the-fittest theories to the problem solving process. In particular, _________________________ is the subfield that seeks to apply such evolutionary principles to the programming process. ANSWER: Genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming 15. In each blank below, write syntactic, semantic, or contextual to indicate which form of analysis is required to perform the associated task. ______________ Identify the subject in the sentence “John ate the ice cream.” ______________ Recognize that the sentence “John ate the ice cream” means the same as the sentence “The ice cream was eaten by John.” ______________ Identify the object in the sentence “John ate the ice cream.” ______________ Identify the person referred to by the pronoun he in the sentence “He ate the ice cream.” ANSWER: Syntactic, semantic, syntactic, contextual 16. Fill in the blank entries in the semantic net below to reflect the meaning of the sentence “Dumbo ate peanuts.” ANSWER: The type is “eat,” and the object is “peanuts.” © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 17. Place an X in each blank below that is associated with a conclusion that would require the closed-world assumption in the context of a database that contained a list of subscribers to the New York Times. _____ John Doe subscribes to the New York Times. _____ John Doe does not subscribe to the New York Times. _____ Either Mary Doe or John Doe does not subscribe to the New York Times. _____ Either Mary Doe or John Doe subscribes to the New York Times. ANSWER: Second and third 18. Place an X in each blank below that is associated with a statement that would be considered true by a closed-world database containing only the statement “Kermit is a frog OR Miss Piggy is an actress.” _____ Kermit is a frog. _____ Miss Piggy is not an actress. _____ Kermit is not a frog AND Miss Piggy is not an actress. _____ Kermit is not a frog. ANSWER: Second, third, and fourth Vocabulary (Matching) Questions The following is a list of terms from the chapter along with descriptive phrases that can be used to produce questions (depending on the topics covered in your course) in which the students are ask to match phrases and terms. An example would be a question of the form, “In the blank next to each phrase, write the term from the following list that is best described by the phrase.” Term Descriptive Phrase agent Turing test image analysis breadth-first A responsive entity A means of measuring a machine’s ability to perform like a human The task of understanding an image A search algorithm that processes all the nodes in a layer, one layer at a time at ever increasing depths To identify by comparing to predefined patterns A “universal” approach to the construction of reasoning systems A task of language processing that identifies the meaning of words A tool for simulating intuition The result of considering all options equally important The task of identifying characteristics found within an image A “picture” of all states and productions A means of obtaining a statement that is a logical consequence of other statements The “database” used by an intelligent system to support its reasoning A computer processing model that able to learn by adjusting a set of weights and thresholds A field of artificial intelligence that applies evolutionary theories to the software development process template matching production system semantic analysis heuristic breadth-first search image processing state graph inference rule real-world knowledge artificial neural network genetic algorithms © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. associative memory expert system semantic net A* algorithm contextual analysis supervised training unsupervised training linguistics reinforcement The ability to recall related information A software package for solving problems within a particular field A means of representing knowledge A search algorithm that uses both a heuristic and an accumulated cost in determining the next node to process To relate a sentence to its environment An agent generalizes known responses for given set of examples Similar to reinforcement, it is used to infer patterns or meaning from data with minimal human intervention. The study of human communication In learning by reinforcement, the agent is given a general rule to judge for itself when it has succeeded or failed at a task during trial and error. General Format Questions 1. Explain the distinction between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. ANSWER: Declarative knowledge consists of knowing facts, whereas procedural knowledge is being able to perform a task. 2. Explain the distinction between image processing and image analysis. ANSWER: Image processing deals with the issue of clarifying the image such as removing flaws and identifying regions. Image analysis deals with the issues of extracting information from the image. 3. Describe the distinction between a state graph and a search tree. ANSWER: A state graph is a picture of the entire “problem space” whereas a search tree contains only the part of the “problem space” relevant to the problem at hand. 4. Draw the search tree that would be generated by a best-fit heuristic search when solving the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below assuming that “the number of tiles out of place” were used as the heuristic. 1 23 56 4 78 ANSWER: 1 23 56 4 78 / | 23 1 23 1 23 1 56 4 56 5 6 4 78 78 4 78 | 1 23 4 56 7 8 / 1 23 1 23 4 6 4 56 7 58 7 8 © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. 5. Draw the search tree that would be generated by a breadth-first search when solving the eight-puzzle from the starting configuration below. 1 23 4 56 78 ANSWER: (The order of the rows may vary.) 1 23 4 56 78 / 1 23 56 4 78 / 1 23 4 56 7 8 23 1 56 4 78 / 1 23 5 6 4 78 1 23 4 6 7 58 1 23 4 56 7 8 6. Explain the distinction between weak AI and strong AI. ANSWER: Weak AI is the conjecture that machines can be programmed to appear to be intelligent. Strong AI is the conjecture that machines can be programmed to be intelligent. 7. Why would the search process used in the text to solve the eight-puzzle not be applicable in cases of competitive games such as chess or checkers? ANSWER: In a competitive game, the “puzzle solver” does not get to choose every move but must alternate with an opponent who is trying to reach different goals. 8. Suppose the eight-puzzle was extended to a four-by-four tray containing 11 tiles with the solved puzzle appearing as below. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 What problem would occur if our heuristic search (using the-number-of-tiles-out-of-place) was applied to solve the puzzle start from the configuration below? How could that problem be overcome? 1 11 15 12 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 13 14 4 ANSWER: The search will repeatedly move the 2, 3, and 4 tiles around in the bottom right corner because doing otherwise would cause an additional tile to be moved out of its correct position. A solution is to rate the various options by the sum of the heuristic value and the number of moves required to reach the current position rather than merely the heuristic. This allows moves that increase the heuristic to ultimately look better than continuing to repeat moves that do not increase the heuristic. 9. How does the process of “programming” an artificial neural network differ from the traditional programming process? © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. ANSWER: The traditional programming process involves giving machine specific instructions as to what it is to do, whereas “programming” an artificial neural network is a training process involving numerous trailand-error steps. 10. When trying to understand a natural language, what are the distinctions between syntactic analysis, semantic analysis, and contextual analysis? ANSWER: Syntactic analysis seeks to identify the grammatical role of each word, semantic analysis seeks to identify the meaning of the sentence, and contextual analysis seeks to resolve ambiguities in meaning by considering the context of the sentence. 11. Do you believe the weak AI conjecture, the strong AI conjecture, or neither? Support your choice. ANSWER: Answers will vary but all should reflect an understanding of what the conjectures are. 12. What is the frame problem? ANSWER: It is the problem of keeping information up-to-date in an environment in which changes have indirect consequences. 13. For the following map: Home 8 Cody 4 Taft 4 6 Oak 4 Pace 4 4 Dade 5 Lake Mary 6 16 Straight line distance to Southside from: Cody Dade Home Oak Pace Taft 11 5 9 7 6 8 Southside A. Draw the search tree generated by a breadth-first search in finding a path from Home to Southside. What is the found path? B. Draw the search tree generated by a best-fit search in finding a path from Home to Southside assuming that “the straight line distance to Southside” were used as the heuristic. What is the found path? C. Draw the search tree generated by the A* algorithm in finding the path from Home to Southside assuming that “the straight line distance to Southside” were used as the heuristic. What is the found path? ANSWER: A. (The order of the rows may vary) / Cody / Southside Oak Home | Oak Taft / / Cody Pace Pace Dade © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. The found path is Home to Cody, and then to Southside B. (The order of the rows may vary) Home | Cody Oak Taft / Cody Pace / Taft Dade / Taft Southside / The found path is Home to Oak, to Pace, to Dade, and then finally to Southside C. (The order of the rows may vary) / Cody Home | Oak | Pace Taft | Dade | Southside The found path is Home to Taft, to Dade, and then finally to Southside © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.