Test Bank for Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: A Topical Approach, 7th Edition

CHAPTER 2 Domestic, Transnational, and International Crime and Justice Chapter 2 Multiple Choice 1. When comparative criminologists study crime as a social phenomenon, the main focus of the study is the a. offender. b. victim. c. region where the crime took place. d. crime itself. Answer: d Objective: Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice. Page number: 25 Level: Intermediate 2. The two primary problems encountered when seeking to compare crime in two or more countries are a. ensuring that crime data are published as a rate per 100,000 population and that the countries being compared are on the same continent. b. making sure the countries being compared are similar in population size and that they have similar percentages of young people. c. finding countries that same a common religion and finding countries that report police data rather than court data. d. ensuring that crime data have been defined, reported, and recorded in a similar manner and that the data are compiled in a manner that allows researchers to conveniently compare many countries. Answer: d Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 25 Level: Basic 3. When comparing crime rates among countries, all of the following EXCEPT _____ should be considered before drawing conclusions? a. The differences in the legal definitions of crime. b. How the recording and reporting practices may vary. c. Such social features as the availability of medical facilities. d. How the auto theft rate, as a unique indicator, has varied during the last five years. Answer: d Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 25-26 Level: Intermediate 4. Chapter 2’s “You Should Know” box on comparing reported crime notes that a. in most countries, most crimes are reported to the police. b. all countries appear to count an activity as a crime at the time the activity becomes known to the police. c. countries where telecommunications are more common tend to report a higher proportion of crime. d. the use of technology by police is unrelated to the amount of crime found. Answer: c Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 25 (YSK box) Level: Intermediate 5. The United Nations’ surveys on crime trends are unique because: a. they are published annually. b. they provide a standard classification of crime definitions and justice categories. c. all countries complete them in exactly the same way. d. only European nations participate in the survey. Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 28 Level: Basic 6. According to data from the United Nations, which of the following regions include countries with the highest homicide rates? a. Africa and the Americas b. Asia and Europe c. Oceania and Asia d. Europe and Africa Answer: a Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 29 (Table 2.1) Level: Intermediate 7. Which of the following, currently in its development and implementation phase, is the new United Nations mechanism for gathering official crime data with standard definitions to be used worldwide? a. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) b. International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS) c. OmniStats d. United Nations World Crime Statistical Program (WCSP) Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 29 Level: Intermediate 8. The International Crime Victim Survey shows general consistency in country positions over the years. For example, _____ has consistently ranked high and _____ has consistently ranked low on overall victimization rates. a. the United States / England & Wales b. New Zealand / Japan c. Austria / Portugal d. England & Wales / Netherlands Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 30 Level: Intermediate 9. When studying a crime’s etiology, one is studying: a. its causes, origins, and distributions. b. its frequency. c. its victims. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. Answer: a Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 30 Level: Basic 10. Modernization theory suggests that a nation’s crime level is best explained as resulting from: a. an increase in the proportion of males in the population. b. an increase in goods that become available for theft. c. the expansion of capitalism and the resulting new inequalities in a country. d. social processes (such as loosened family ties) that accompany industrial development. Answer: d Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 31 Level: Basic 11. Which of the following grand theories attributes the decline of violent crime during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries to the gradual introduction of courtly manners? a. Modernization theory b. Civilization theory c. Feminist theory d. Opportunity theory Answer: b Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 31 Level: Basic 12. Which of the following grand theories examines how indicators of gender inequality influence crime rates? a. Modernization theory b. Civilization theory c. Feminist theory d. Opportunity theory Answer: c Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 31 Level: Basic 13. Transnational crime: a. mostly refers to several individuals and groups operating in many countries and working together to complete the crime. b. takes place outside the United States borders. c. takes place within the United States borders but is committed by a foreign citizen. d. typically refers to behavior by a single individual who starts a crime in one country but completes it in another. Answer: a Objective: Distinguish between international crime and transnational crime. Page number: 34 Level: Basic 14. In reference to cybercrime, which term is used when the computer itself is a target of the criminal act? a. Phishing b. Cyber theft c. Cyber attack d. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) Answer: c Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 35 Level: Basic 15. Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer found that the following institution was the one that citizens of the most countries considered to be their most corrupt. a. Police b. Courts c. Prisons d. Political parties Answer: d Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 35 Level: Basic 16. Of the major groups of illicit drugs, production has been declining for: a. cannabis. b. opium poppy cultivation. c. coca cultivation. d. synthetics. Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 36 Level: Basic 17. Which part of the illicit drug market has had the most apparent expansion? a. cannabis. b. opiates. c. amphetamine-type stimulates. d. synthetic drugs. Answer: d Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 36 Level: Basic 18. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the money laundering process? a. Procurement b. Placement c. Layering d. Integration Answer: a Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 37 Level: Basic 19. Of the following, which are most likely to be the target of pirates today? a. Cruise ships b. Cargo ships transporting heavy machinery c. Oil and chemical tankers d. Fishing trawlers Answer: c Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 38 Level: Basic 20. According to Interpol statistics, the past decade has seen an increasing trend of illicit trafficking in cultural objects in a. Western Europe b. United States c. Japan d. the Middle East Answer: d Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 39 Level: Basic 21. Which of the following acts requires deception or coercion? a. Human trafficking b. Migrant smuggling c. Alien smuggling d. Refugee smuggling Answer: a Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 40 Level: Basic 22. Of the almost 10,000 terrorist attacks occurring worldwide in 2013, more than half took place in: a. Europe and Eurasia. b. Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. c. Central and South America. d. Africa. Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 43 Level: Basic 23. Which of the following U. S. federal agencies is (are) involved in combating transnational crime? a. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) b. The Department of Justice (DOJ) c. The Department of Treasury (DOT) d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: d Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 45-47 Level: Basic 24. What agency collects and disseminates information on international criminals as a way to assist countries in solving crimes and securing the arrest, detention, and extradition of suspects? a. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) b. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) c. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) d. International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) Answer: d Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 47 Level: Basic 25. All of the following are examples of international crime except: a. war crimes. b. computer crimes. c. crimes against humanity. d. genocide. Answer: b Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 49 Level: Basic 26. Prosecution of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes is conducted by the a. World Court. b. Supreme Court of the European Union. c. Eurojust. d. International Criminal Court. Answer: d Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 50 Level: Basic Chapter 2 True-False 1. One of the best uses for comparative crime statistics from around the world is to develop the “best places to live” types of rankings. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 25 Level: Basic 2. As opposed to simply being an indicator of a large amount of crime in a country, an increased rate of recorded crime may reflect a more efficient and thorough system of reporting and recording crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 26 Level: Basic 3. Since crime rates are typically faulty due to different defining, reporting, and recording practices, comparative criminologists conclude that comparison should not occur. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 27 Level: Basic 4. Comparative criminologists are able to explain increases in crime, but not decreases. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 33 (Impact box) Level: Basic 5. Global trends for selected crimes from 2003-2013 show that violent crime has increased dramatically over the past decade. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 27 Level: Basic 6. Victimization surveys have been found to provide a more complete picture of crime and its occurrence in individual countries than do police reports of crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 29 Level: Basic 7. The keystone hypothesis argues that when some crimes are instrumental for other crimes (motor vehicle theft, for example, as a precursor to burglary), a reduction in the first leads to reduction in the others. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 33 (Impact box) Level: Intermediate 8. Oftentimes, transnational crime relies on several individuals and groups in many countries to complete the crime, thus giving it an organized structure. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 34 Level: Basic 9. In some countries, the police are perceived as the most corrupt institution, but in no country is the judiciary seen as the most corrupt. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 35 Level: Basic 10. The world’s most widely cultivated drug crop is opium poppy. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 36 Level: Basic 11. The process by which criminals attempt to conceal the illicit origin and ownership of the proceeds from their unlawful activities is called piracy. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 37 Level: Basic 12. One million dollars in $100 bills can fit into one doctor’s bag of standard size and be simply carried out of the country. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 38 Level: Basic 13. Pirates are especially active today off Africa’s west coast. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 38 Level: Basic 14. Because of the definitions used, it is possible to have both “domestic trafficking” and “domestic smuggling.” a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 40 Level: Basic 15. Even if a person initially consented to engage in prostitution, he or she is a trafficking victim if they are held in service through coercion. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 41 (Figure 2.4) Level: Basic 16. Forced labor trafficking is believed to comprise the majority of the world’s human trafficking. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 41 (Figure 2.4) Level: Basic 17. INTERPOL agents not only investigate cases across borders, but may also arrest suspects and detain them for local authorities. a. True b. False Answer: b Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 47 Level: Basic 18. International crime is that which violates international law. a. True b. False Answer: a Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 49 Level: Basic Chapter 2 Fill in the Blank 1. The area of study that has an interest in determining how various countries attempt to maintain social order and accomplish justice is _____ criminal justice. Answer: comparative Objective: Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice. Page number: 24 Level: Basic 2. When comparative criminologists study crime as social behavior, the focus of the study is the _____. Answer: offender Objective: Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice. Page number: 24 Level: Basic 3. Countries where household insurance is more developed tend to report a _____ proportion of crime, particularly burglary. Answer: higher Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 25 (YSK box) Level: Basic 4. Of the many types of crime data available for use, many comparative criminologists rely on _____ data for theory testing. Answer: homicide Objective: List and provide examples of the two primary problems criminologists face when comparing crime in two or more countries. Page number: 28 Level: Basic 5. The grand theory that draws from the Marxist perspective to explain that as capitalism expands, it disrupts indigenous cultures and traditional means of subsistence is called _____ system theory. Answer: world Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 31 Level: Basic 6. For certain crimes around the world, and particularly in the industrialized world, it appears that we are experiencing a global crime _____. Answer: drop Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 33 (Impact box) Level: Basic 7. In sync with opportunities theory, the _____ hypothesis argues that improvements in the quality and quantity of security measures have meant lower crime rates for a variety of crimes Answer: security Objective: Name and summarize five grand theory explanations that have been used in crossnational crime research. Page number: 33 (Impact box) Level: Basic 8. The criminal activity linked to computers that occurs when the computer is used as a tool in committing a crime is called _____ theft. Answer: cyber Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 34 Level: Basic 9. The term _____ refers to the abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Answer: corruption Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 34 Level: Basic 10. Human _____, but not smuggling, requires deception or coercion. Answer: trafficking Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 40 Level: Basic 11. _____, which is the largest international police organization in the world, facilitates crossborder criminal police cooperation to combat transnational crime. Answer: Interpol Objective: Summarize international efforts responding to domestic, transnational, and international crime. Page number: 47 Level: Basic Chapter 2 Essay 1. Explain the difference in studying crime as a social phenomenon and in studying crime as social behavior. Answer: When crime is studied as a social phenomenon the focus is on the crime itself. Studying crime as a social phenomenon tries to identify commonalities and differences in crime patterns among divergent cultures. When crime is studied as social behavior the focus is on the offender. Studying crime as social behavior requires establishing behavioral explanations. Objective: Distinguish between comparative criminology and comparative criminal justice. Page number: 24 Level: Intermediate 2. Using the appropriate terms, describe and explain the three-stage process of money laundering. Answer: Illegally generated cash first undergoes placement, wherein the cash is converted to monetary instruments such as coins, currency, travelers’ checks, and money orders, or is deposited into bank accounts. Funds are moved (layering) to other financial institutions in an effort to hide its origins. Under integration, the funds are eventually used to acquire legitimate assets or to fund other activities. Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 37 (Figure 2.2) Level: Intermediate 3. Explain the similarities and difference between human trafficking and migrant smuggling. Answer: Human trafficking requires an element of force, fraud, or coercion whereas smuggling generally involves a cooperating person. Persons who are trafficked are considered victims whereas smuggled persons are believed to have cooperated in the crime. Trafficking victims are restricted in their movement whereas smuggled persons are free to leave. Human trafficking does not require that an international border be crossed, but smuggling does. Trafficked persons must be working, but smuggled persons need only be in a country, or attempting entry, illegally. Objective: Identify and explain at least five types of transnational crime. Page number: 41 (Figure 2.3) Level: Intermediate Chapter 2 MC: 1. d 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. d 11. b 12. c 13. a 14. c 15. d 16. b 17. d 18. a 19. c 20. d 21. a 22. b 23. d 24. d 25. b 26. d T/F: 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. a 13. b 14. b 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. a Fill in the Blank: 1. comparative 2. offender 3. higher 4. homicide 5. world 6. drop 7. security 8. cyber 9. corruption 10. trafficking 11. Interpol Essay: 1. When crime is studied as a social phenomenon the focus is on the crime itself. Studying crime as a social phenomenon tries to identify commonalities and differences in crime patterns among divergent cultures. When crime is studied as social behavior the focus is on the offender. Studying crime as social behavior requires establishing behavioral explanations. 2. Illegally generated cash first undergoes placement, wherein the cash is converted to monetary instruments such as coins, currency, travelers’ checks, and money orders, or is deposited into bank accounts. Funds are moved (layering) to other financial institutions in an effort to hide its origins. Under integration, the funds are eventually used to acquire legitimate assets or to fund other activities. 3. Human trafficking requires an element of force, fraud, or coercion whereas smuggling generally involves a cooperating person. Persons who are trafficked are considered victims whereas smuggled persons are believed to have cooperated in the crime. Trafficking victims are restricted in their movement whereas smuggled persons are free to leave. Human trafficking does not require that an international border be crossed, but smuggling does. Trafficked persons must be working, but smuggled persons need only be in a country, or attempting entry, illegally.