Test Bank for Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence: An Active Learning Approach, 2nd Edition

Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Test Bank CHAPTER 2: THEORY AND RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENT Multiple Choice 1. A basic set of principles that help us organize our observations in order to understand and predict human development is called a(n) ______. a. hypothesis b. operationalization c. developmental theory d. dynamic system Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: What do child development theories tell us? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Why Theories of Development Are Important Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The scientific process ______. a. is the best way to prove or disprove a theory b. provides us with hypotheses, but does not provide the methodology to test them c. has changed over time so that there now is little agreement on the best way to conduct the process d. cannot prove a theory beyond a shadow of a doubt, but can provide evidence that supports or opposes the ideas in it Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: What do child development theories tell us? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Theories of Development Are Important Difficulty Level: Medium 3. As children grow, they become taller and heavier. This is a(n) ______. a. quantitative change in development b. qualitative change in development c. accumulative change in development d. transactive change in development Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: What do child development theories tell us? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Theories of Development Are Important Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The force that drives development ______. a. is biological processes in early development, but environmental processes later on Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. alternates between biological process and environmental processes throughout development c. cannot be quantified so we cannot say what this force might be d. can be biological processes, environmental events, or an interaction of both Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: What do child development theories tell us? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Theories of Development Are Important Difficulty Level: Easy 5. When we look at developmental theories in historical perspective, we find that ______. a. theories do not develop in a vacuum because each draws upon earlier ideas or concepts b. over time theories have given more and more weight to the influence of early experiences on development c. all of our current best ideas are really just old ideas that have been recycled d. the oldest theories, such as psychoanalysis and classical conditioning, are really still the best ones Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theories of Child and Adolescent Development Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Freud believed that the key to healthy psychological functioning involved ______. a. children directly confronting their parents about their perceived mistreatment while they were young b. releasing inhibitions and giving free reign to the demands of the id c. uncovering the thoughts in the unconscious mind that were associated with the psychological symptoms of the person’s problem d. slowly being desensitized to stimuli that are provoking anxiety Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 7. In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the basic drives, such as sex and hunger, are contained in the ______. a. id b. ego c. unconscious d. superego Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The superego is the part of the personality that ______. a. contains the basic biological drives, such as sex and hunger b. deals with the demands of the real world and the demands of the id c. constitutes the conscience or sense of right and wrong d. contains the growing sense of autonomy as the child develops Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Freud would say that an adult who smokes heavily or one who constantly bites her nails ______. a. is trying to repress her aggressive urges b. is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy c. has not resolved his or her issues with the same-sex parent d. is stuck in the latency stage of development Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to Freud, boys and girls develop what has been called “the family romance” during the ______ stage of development. a. anal b. phallic c. latency d. genital Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The driving force for development in Erik Erikson’s theory is the ______. Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 a. use of rewards and punishment to shape the child’s behavior b. need to understand and make sense of the child’s experiences c. social experiences that are typical at each stage of development d. need to adapt to the changing demands of the environment Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Difficulty Level: Medium 12. In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, the developmental challenge of infancy is the issue of ______. a. initiative versus guilt b. trust versus mistrust c. autonomy versus shame d. intimacy versus isolation Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory would suggest that the best way to help toddlers develop a sense of autonomy would be to ______. a. be patient and allow the child to do things on her own, even if she struggles a bit b. allow the child to make his own decisions about what he wants to eat and when he wants to eat it c. let the child learn by watching other children of her own age, rather than getting help from an adult d. hold very high standards for the child and be critical of the child’s performance when the child doesn’t meet your expectations Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The major modern application of psychoanalytic theory has been in the area of ______. a. neuroscience b. ethnography c. mental and emotional disorders d. information processing Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Modern Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the mind, but learning theories focus on ______. a. conscious motivation b. adaptive biological mechanisms c. biological maturation d. observable behavior Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Watson believed that our personality, abilities, and other qualities are primarily determined by ______. a. biological maturation b. neural impulses c. the environment d. internal drives Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 17. John Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to demonstrate ______. a. that infants could learn to salivate to the sound of a bell b. how classical conditioning could create fear in a human infant c. that reinforcement was more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment d. how quickly responses can be learned and then unlearned Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 18. One of the important modern applications of classical conditioning is to ______. Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 a. develop effective treatments for phobias b. treat eating disorders c. understand the adaptive functions of behavior d. design better teaching techniques to use in classrooms Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Through the use of virtual reality, deconditioning has been used to help returning soldiers overcome their debilitating fear reactions. This therapeutic approach is based upon ______. a. dynamic systems theory b. principles of operant conditioning c. principles of classical conditioning d. social cognitive theory Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Hard 20. In operant conditioning ______. a. involuntary responses are either reinforced or punished by the environment b. an unconditioned stimulus will always lead to an unconditioned response c. a reinforcement that follows a behavior causes that behavior to occur again d. a fixed response produces behaviors that are the most resistant to extinction Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 21. If you wanted to encourage a child to eat a more healthy diet, at first you might smile or nod when the child was willing to take a small bite of a healthy food item on her plate. Then you might only smile and nod when the child took a full bite of the food. Then you might only respond when the child ate several bites, and finally only when the child finished the serving on her plate. You are changing this child’s behavior through the process of ______. a. classical conditioning b. negative reinforcement c. shaping Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 d. assimilation Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 22. If a professor wanted his students to study at a steady pace throughout the semester, this would be more likely to happen if the quizzes in his class happened ______. a. each time the class finished covering 100 pages in the textbook b. every other week c. as “pop quizzes” that occurred from time to time without warning d. only at the middle and then again at the end of the semester. Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Hard 23. After you eat dinner at your favorite restaurant five times, they give you a free dessert. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Hard 24. You can extinguish an undesired behavior by ______. a. delivering an unpleasant consequence following the behavior b. slowly escalating the amount of punishment for the continued undesired behavior c. not responding to the behavior d. only intermittently punishing the behavior Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 25. Bandura’s social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that ______. a. reinforcement is more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment b. only involuntary responses can be classically conditioned c. shaping is an effective way to learn a new behavior d. people also can learn through imitation of behaviors they observe Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 26. When children observed an adult treating a Bobo doll in an aggressive manner ______. a. they were more likely to treat the doll aggressively themselves when they had the chance to play with it b. it aroused a great deal of anxiety in the children and the experiment needed to be discontinued c. only children who were initially highly aggressive in their play were affected by what they saw d. they exactly copied what they saw the adult do when they played with a smaller doll Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 27. In recent research, Bandura has focused on the core belief that one has the power to influence one’s own functioning and life circumstances, also known as ______. a. social cognitive theory b. self-efficacy c. social learning theory d. operant conditioning Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 28. According to Piaget, when you encounter new information and it fits into an existing scheme, you can ______ the new information. a. transform Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. assimilate c. accommodate d. encode Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 29. If new information cannot fit into an existing scheme, it throws us into a state of cognitive disequilibrium and we will ______. a. transform the new information into a form we can understand b. encode the information in a new way that will allow it to be assimilated c. need to create a new scheme to accommodate the information d. level the information so that it can make sense to us Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Piaget’s research has affected the world of education by ______. a. stressing the importance of rote learning in early education b. promoting strategies that allow the child to construct his own learning c. emphasizing the importance of group work and collaboration in learning projects d. making us realize the young children need a great deal of adult supervision and oversight in order to learn effectively Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 31. The help that a more knowledgeable person offers to a child to help the child move beyond his current level of understanding is called ______. a. collaborative learning b. prompting c. assimilation d. scaffolding Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 32. When dynamic assessment is used to determine a child’s level of understanding, the instructor determines the child’s current level of understanding and then ______. a. helps the child move to the next level of understanding b. compares the child’s performance to the performance of other children of the same age c. re-assesses the child’s understanding at a later date d. determines what the child can do under a different set of testing conditions Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Modern Applications of Vygotsky’s Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The theory that originally proposed our brains work in similar ways to how computers process information is called ______. a. evolutionary theory b. ecological theory c. dynamic systems theory d. information processing theory Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Information Processing Difficulty Level: Easy 34. In the connectionist/network model of memory, memory consists of ______. a. stores of information that are linked by encoding processes b. memory traces that strengthen with use or degrade with inactivity c. concept nodes that are linked together into a neural network d. the free associations that we make between ideas and concepts Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Information Processing Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Information processing theory, by breaking cognitive processes down into their component steps, has been used to ______. a. make progress in developmental psychopathology b. design better teaching techniques Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 c. help scientists understand how and why children develop as they do, based on the adaptive value of behaviors d. understand the importance of nutrition in a child’s development Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Information Processing Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The understanding that newborn ducklings and goslings will imprint upon and follow their mothers immediately after birth came from early work in the field of ______. a. ethology b. sociobiology c. ecological theory d. information processing Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evolutionary Theory: Ethology Difficulty Level: Easy 37. An explanation for why girls growing up in families that are conflictual, dysfunctional, or in which the father is absent go through puberty at an earlier age has come from the field of ______. a. psychopathology b. ecological systems theory c. evolutionary developmental psychology d. ethology Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Modern Applications of Evolutionary Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Bronfenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual ______. a. as an autonomous individual who has the free will to make independent choices b. as someone who primarily responds to biological processes that he can’t control c. not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development d. as a member of a specific culture that dictates the person’s attitudes, values, and beliefs Ans: C Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ecological Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 39. In ecological theory, the macrosystem consists of ______. a. all of a person’s face-to-face interactions in the person’s immediate settings b. the interactions between various microsystems c. the settings that are external to the child and that the child never enters d. the cultural norms that guide the organizations and places that make up one’s everyday life Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Ecological system theory has made a particularly important impact in the area of ______. a. sociobiology b. social policy and action research c. education d. neurobiology Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ecological Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 41. A new understanding that has emerged from the research in neuropsychology is that ______. a. genes largely determine our behavior b. experience is powerful enough to override almost all genetic effects c. biology impacts behavior, but the environment also affects biological functioning d. the effects of biology and behavior are so complex that we are not yet able to disentangle the two Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: What role do neuropsychology, genetics, and culture play in the study of child development? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuropsychology and Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 42. As a result of our growing understanding of how both the brain and genes function, we now recognize that ______. a. biology has an impact on behavior, but the environment also affects our biological functioning b. all of the different aspects of development interact and affect each other over time c. the “close in” environments have a greater impact on development than the more distal environments d. dominant genes are a more powerful influence on brain development than recessive genes Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: What role do neuropsychology, genetics, and culture play in the study of child development? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neuropsychology and Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium 43. As part of research study, a researcher decides that she will use the number of pieces of junk mail that a family receives each week as an indicator of how wealthy the family is. If we do not have a good reason to believe that these two things are related, her measure of family wealth is ______. a. unreliable b. not valid c. unstandardized d. multidimensional Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Hard 44. If we conduct a research study using a sample of 14- to 16-year-old adolescents attending school in ethnically diverse middle-class communities, we could correctly generalize our results to ______. a. all adolescents between the ages of 14 and 16 b. all middle-class adolescents c. all middle-class adolescents between the ages of 14 and 16 d. adolescents who have characteristics similar to those of the sample Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 45. One of the advantages of doing research by using observations is that we can ______. a. determine the causes of behavior Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. observe behavior as it naturally occurs c. compare a single individual to an entire group of individuals d. generalize our results to most populations Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Easy 46. When we use our observations to make a detailed record of everything that occurs in a stream of behavior, we can ______. a. carefully control and manipulate the variables we are interested in b. infer the causes of the behaviors that we are observing c. generalize our results to other children in similar circumstances d. use it to generate new hypotheses for future research Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observations Difficulty Level: Medium 47. When we use observations to conduct research ______. a. we are able to identify the causes of the behavior we observe b. we can be certain that we are seeing behavior as it naturally occurs c. it does not tell us directly about the causes of the behaviors we see d. they cannot help us to formulate new hypotheses that we can later test Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observations Difficulty Level: Medium 48. One of the disadvantages of using surveys to conduct research is that ______. a. respondents may not be able to accurately recall and report on the behavior covered by the survey b. it is a very expensive and time-intensive method of collecting data c. the researcher must develop norms for the responses and update those norms periodically d. the researcher must be sure that the groups of participants who answer the questions are comparable in as many ways as possible Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Self-Report Measures Difficulty Level: Medium Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 49. When Piaget was conducting his research, he might present a story and then ask children questions about it. There were some questions he asked every child, but there also were questions that were specifically tied to the child’s initial response. Piaget was using a ______ to conduct his research. a. standardized interview b. modified interview c. clinical interview d. flexible interview Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Self-Report Measures Difficulty Level: Medium 50. When a researcher conducts a clinical interview, the interviewer ______. a. asks everyone the same set of questions in the same order b. asks questions from a standard set of questions, but in random order from one respondent to another c. talks to a third party who is familiar with the experiences of the person who is the subject of the interview d. can ask additional questions based on the respondent’s answers or ask the respondent to expand on an answer Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Report Measures Difficulty Level: Easy 51. A controversy surrounding the use of intelligence tests by the U.S. Army during World War I and World War II centered around whether ______. a. the achievement items were better predictors of abilities than the performance items b. a larger number of items would improve the accuracy of the tests in placing recruits in specific jobs c. group differences in scores reflected inherent differences in mental abilities or were biased against members of certain groups d. the tests were useful for assessing individuals who were older than their mid-20s. Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Standardized Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 52. The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing (ACT) programs are used by many colleges as part of the admissions process because ______. a. they are free from bias and give every student an equal chance of being admitted Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. when taken together with high school grade point average (GPA) they predict college GPA better than high school GPA alone c. they are designed to give an advantage to traditionally underrepresented groups of students d. these tests are able to detect differences in inherent ability or aptitude between students Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Standardized Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 53. One of the advantages of using physiological measures when conducting research is that ______. a. they do not require that the participant be able to use language b. you can utilize multiple methods to collect the data c. data can be gathered quickly and efficiently d. the interpretation of the data is always clear and straightforward Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physiological Measures Difficulty Level: Easy 54. Physiological tests (such as EEGs and ERPs) are particularly useful in research on ______. a. infants because their central nervous system is more responsive than the central nervous system of older children b. adolescents because they often are not aware of their true feelings and can’t report on them c. infants and young children who are not yet speaking and therefore cannot answer questions or follow complex instructions d. adolescents because their hormones make their central nervous system more reactive to physical stimuli than to words Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physiological Measures Difficulty Level: Easy 55. Professor Tyrone is interested in studying how the use of media (such as having the television on, answering text messages, or listening to an iPod) affects students’ ability to study for their courses. It would be better if she got permission to look up the students’ grade point average than to simply ask the students to self-report their grade point average because ______. Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 a. they might not correctly report their grade point average in an attempt to make themselves look better to the researcher b. students don’t pay much attention to grades, so many may not have this information in their memory c. grade point averages change so frequently that it is difficult for students to accurately recall what it is d. it won’t be clear to students what information Professor Tyrone is looking for when she asks about their grade point average Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Archival Records Difficulty Level: Hard 56. When conducting a case study, it is particularly important that the researcher ______. a. gathers a representative sample for the study b. remains objective in her observations and interpretation of them c. carefully explains the purpose of the study to the subject d. uses valid, standardized tests in the assessment process Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 57. The unique advantage of experimental research is that it ______. a. can be used with large, diverse groups of participants b. relies on norms to determine what is typical or average c. can produce data that periodically are updated d. can identify the causes of behavior Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 58. In an experiment, the difference between the experimental group and the control group is that the ______. a. experimental group is always larger than the control group b. control group knows what is being tested in the experiment, but the experimental group is “blind” to the purpose of it c. experimental group gets the special treatment that the researcher is studying and the control group doesn’t d. control group is always tested before the experimental group is Ans: C Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 59. The ______ variable is the one that the researcher controls or manipulates in the experiment and the ______ variable is the outcome that is measured at the end of the experiment. a. dependent; independent b. independent; control c. dependent; concluding d. independent; dependent Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 60. Participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group in an experiment ______. a. to ensure that there will be an equal number of males and females in the experimental group and the control group b. so that the participants will not be able to figure out what is being tested in the experiment c. to help ensure that the two groups are not systemically different from each other at the start of the experiment d. so that the researcher will not know which group is being given the independent variable Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 61. When you find a positive correlation between two variables, it means that ______. a. these variables have a beneficial effect on the child’s development b. changes in the first variable will cause a change in the second variable c. as the value of one variable goes up so does the value of the second variable d. these two variables can predict the value of a third variable Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 62. Which of the following correlations is the strongest? Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 a. +.25 b. –.82 c. +.63 d. –.11 Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Correlational Designs Difficulty Level: Hard 63. We cannot determine the causes of behavior from a correlation because ______. a. a negative correlation means that the two variables are not related to each other b. the relationship may not hold for the control group c. we need more than two variables before we can determine the causes of behavior d. we do not have control over other variables that may affect the correlation Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Correlational Designs Difficulty Level: Hard 64. If you read that a correlational study has found that children who participate in more extracurricular activities have higher self-esteem, you could conclude that ______. a. participating in extracurricular activities makes children feel good about themselves b. getting children to participate in more extracurricular activities will lead to increases in self-esteem c. participation in extracurricular activities is associated with higher self-esteem d. high self-esteem drives children to seek out activities at which they can excel Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Correlational Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 65. Children who have been the victims of child maltreatment are followed from early childhood through adolescence with their psychological and emotional well-being assessed every 3 years during this time. This is an example of a(n) ______. a. archival study b. longitudinal study c. correlational study d. cross-sectional study Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 66. One of the major challenges with conducting longitudinal research is that ______. a. it is very difficult to construct matched groups of subjects for your sample b. the groups of participants you are studying have had different life experiences c. you need to continually update the tests and measures that you are using d. it takes a great deal of time and money to conduct such research Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Attrition is a problem for longitudinal studies because ______. a. all participants are not at equal risk of being lost from the study over time b. you cannot add new measures to the study as it goes on c. all groups in the study must be as much the same as you can possibly make them d. it creates a cohort effect among the participants Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 68. Professor Alsmith looks at changes in self-esteem across adolescence by measuring the self-esteem of 11-year-olds, 13-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 17-yearolds and comparing the results between the groups. This is an example of a(n) ______. a. archival study b. longitudinal study c. correlational study d. cross-sectional study Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 69. One of the challenges with doing a cross-sectional study is that ______. a. you must have groups that cover the entire age range from infancy through adolescence b. you must be certain that the different age groups you use are as similar to each other as you possibly can make them c. it will be hard to get the statistical tools that you need to adequately analyze your data d. your findings may no longer be relevant by the time your study is completed Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 70. A cohort effect is the biggest problem for ______. a. longitudinal studies b. experimental research c. observational research d. cross-sectional studies Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 71. There is a cohort effect in cross-sectional studies when ______. a. the different groups in the study have had different life experiences b. the researcher uses different measures for the different groups in the study c. participants drop out of the study for various reasons over time d. the measures that are being used in the study change over time Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Hard 72. A study that has several groups of different ages that are followed over time and that has an overlap in the ages of the groups is a ______. a. multi-phasic study b. longitudinal study c. cohort study d. cross-sequential study Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Research Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 73. When the results of a study are statistically significant, it means that ______. a. the results are not likely to have occurred by chance b. the differences found will have an important impact on children’s development c. the research has been carefully conducted d. there is no other interpretation of the results of the study Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interpreting and Using the Results of a Study Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Easy 74. A meta-analysis involves ______. a. combining results from different studies to identify patterns of findings that are consistent across studies b. increasing the size of a sample to include a wider range of child characteristics c. adding additional groups of participants to a study so it will represent a wider age range d. establishing a level of statistical significance that we can agree makes the results highly reliable Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpreting and Using the Results of a Study Difficulty Level: Hard 75. To protect the rights of individuals who participate in scientific research, it is necessary to ______. a. pay participants for the time that they give to the study b. make the names of participants available to anyone who requests that information c. weigh the potential risks to the participants against the anticipated benefits of the research d. provide the participants with advice, based upon the results of the study, for how they can improve their lives Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.5: What are ethical considerations in research with children and adolescents? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethics in Research with Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. The very best theories are those that are totally novel and seem to come out of the blue. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: What do child development theories tell us? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Why Theories of Development Are Important Difficulty Level: Easy 2. According to psychoanalytic theory, a person can be fixated at a stage because the person’s needs were not adequately met at that stage or because the person received so much gratification that the person is not willing to move on to another stage. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The process of classical conditioning works on animals, but humans cannot be classically conditioned. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Piaget believed that the primary difference between how children think and how adults think is a difference in how much each knows. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 5. The connectionist or neural network model of memory is based on the idea that neurons in the brain operate through multiple simultaneous connections with other neurons. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Information Processing Difficulty Level: Medium 6. In evolutionary theory, survival of the fittest refers to the ability of the animal to adapt most successfully to their environment. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evolutionary Theory: Ethology Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Evolutionary developmental psychologists have suggested that girls in dysfunctional families reach puberty earlier because this will enable them to pass on their genes if they don’t reach adulthood. Ans: F Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Modern Applications of Evolutionary Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 8. When research has ecological validity it means that it takes the environment into account when interpreting the findings. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ecological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Developmental theories proposed by American and European theorists are universal and can be applied to the study of children anywhere in the world. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Developmental Theory in a Cultural Context Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Using a large sample ensures that it will be a representative sample. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Scientific Method Difficulty Level: Medium 11. When observations are carefully done and include a representative sample of children, you can determine the causes of their behavior. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Observations Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Well-constructed, reliable, well-standardized psychological tests are not biased against native-born American racial and ethnic minorities. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Standardized Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 13. One of the advantages of doing a case study is that it is easy for the researcher to remain objective about his observations and interpretations. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 14. In a negative correlation, as the value of one variable goes down, so does the value of the second variable. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.4: How is research on child development conducted? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Correlational Designs Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Children and adolescents are never asked to give consent for participation in research because they cannot understand what they are agreeing to. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.5: What are ethical considerations in research with children and adolescents? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethics in Research with Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Hard Essay 1. A 9-year-old boy is not doing well in school. How would you find out what is causing his problem and how would you treat the problem if you were a behaviorist? If you were a psychoanalyst? Ans: Freud thought our most basic drive is the sex drive. Freud believed that many of our thoughts and feelings about sexuality are hidden in our unconscious mind, the part of our mind of which we are unaware. As the ego develops, children are still motivated by their basic drives, but they are now able to interact in the real world to get their needs met. Finally, sometime between the ages of 5 and 7, children begin to incorporate moral principles that work against the drive-motivated functioning of the id. These moral principles are maintained by the superego. Freud believed that children do not have any internal sense of guilt that guides their actions until they develop a superego. With behaviorists, the concentration is on the observable, or what the child is doing. One might study the way that the environment influences human behavior. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Theories of Child and Adolescent Development Difficulty Level: Easy Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 2. Give at least two ways in which Freud’s stages differ from those of Erikson. How are their theories similar? Ans: Erikson believed that issues of the ego are more important than those linked with the id and that the development of identity is the central issue for children and adolescents. At each stage in his theory, a conflict arises rooted in the social experiences typical at that stage of development. For this reason, Erikson’s (1963) theory is said to describe psychosocial stages (as opposed to Freud’s psychosexual stages). KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What did John Watson claim that he had accomplished with the infant Little Albert and how did he do it? Ans: When Little Albert was first shown a white rat, he was curious and unafraid, so the rat was initially a neutral stimulus because it did not produce a fear response. However, Watson then made the loud sound at the same time that he presented the white rat to the infant. He did this numerous times over a number of days, and Little Albert soon began to express fear by crying as soon as he saw the white rat. Eventually Watson stopped making the loud sound, and yet every time he showed Little Albert the white rat, which by now had become a CS, the infant continued to show fear, which now was a CR, or learned response. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: 4. What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? Ans: A reinforcement is anything that occurs after a behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will continue or happen again. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and both types make a behavior more likely to happen. Positive reinforcement occurs when you get something you like and want. Negative reinforcement occurs when something disagreeable is removed by a behavior. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 5. How would you use Skinner’s idea of reinforcement to work with a child who was showing a lot of aggression in a third-grade class? Ans: Skinner described several concepts related to operant conditioning that help us understand how the process works. The first is the process of shaping behavior. You Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 cannot reinforce a behavior unless that behavior occurs. For example, you cannot reinforce positive peer interaction with a child who does not interact with his peers. However, Skinner developed the idea that behavior can slowly be “shaped” through reinforcement of behaviors that progressively get more and more like the behaviors desired. To shape the behavior of a child who does not interact with peers, you could use a series of rewards that begin when the child is simply near another child. The next step might be that the child is reinforced only when he looks at the other child, and finally the reinforcement might be provided only when he speaks while looking at the child. Eventually, the reward would be contingent only on true interaction with a peer. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Some adolescents abuse alcohol in a way that is risky to their health and possibly to those around them. Describe at each level of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model what may cause an individual to develop such problems. Ans: The microsystem includes the face-to-face interactions a person has in her immediate settings, such as home, school, or friendship groups. The interaction between a child and a peer, or between a pair of siblings. The mesosystem brings together two settings that contain the child. For example, when parents meet and talk to a child’s teacher, the home setting interacts with the school setting and this interaction influences the child’s progress at school. The exosystem consists of settings the child never enters, that is, that are external to the child, but that affect the child’s development nevertheless (Bronfenbrenner, 1986). For example, even if the child never goes to a parent’s workplace, what happens in that setting can have an effect on the child. A job so demanding that it leaves parents exhausted at the end of the day affects the way parents will interact with children when they come home. The macrosystem consists of cultural norms that underlie the institutions and activities that make up someone’s everyday life. For example, the macrosystem in the United States includes the ideology of democracy, as well as the value placed on individual achievement. The chronosystem consists of the events that take place at different times of a child’s life, as well as the time in history in which the child lives. For example, parental divorce affects a 2-year-old child much differently than a teenager. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Define Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development. Ans: Zone of proximal development, defined as “the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.” Proximal refers to being near or close. A Levine, Child Development From Infancy to Adolescence 2e SAGE Publishing, 2020 good teacher must first determine what children already know and then challenges them to learn something near enough to what they already know that they will able to make sense of it, a process called scaffolding. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Describe Piaget’s ideas of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. Ans: In assimilation, we take new information and put it into an existing schema, whether it really fits there or not. Accommodation, the child accommodates this new information by creating a new schema. In Piaget’s theory, a process he called equilibration is the constant seesaw between assimilation and accommodation. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 9. A parent who smokes tells her child never to smoke because it is bad for her health. What would Albert Bandura say about how effective this will be and why? Ans: The learning occurs from watching other people (social). Bandura’s earliest work showed how children learn by direct observation. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: What are the hypotheses and modern applications of the major child development theories? REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer location: Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory Difficulty Level: Easy