Solution Manual for Essentials of Sociology A Down-To-Earth Approach, 13th Edition

Test Bank For Essentials of Sociology Thirteenth Edition James M. Henslin Prepared by Joyce D. Meyer, JCSW, former instructor of sociology, Social Sciences and Human Services Department, Parkland College, Champaign, Illinois ______________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. ISBN-10: 0134896092 ISBN-13: 9780134896090 CONTENTS Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 Chapter 2 Culture 19 Chapter 3 Socialization 38 Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 56 Chapter 5 Social Groups and Formal Organizations 74 Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control 93 Chapter 7 Global Stratification 112 Chapter 8 Social Class in the United States 130 Chapter 9 Race and Ethnicity 149 Chapter 10 Gender and Age 168 Chapter 11 Politics and the Economy 186 Chapter 12 Marriage and Family 204 Chapter 13 Education and Religion 223 Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization 242 Chapter 15 Social Change and the Environment 261 Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective Multiple-Choice Questions TB_Q1.1.1 The __________ perspective emphasizes the social contexts in which people live. a. societal b. sociological c. natural sciences d. ethnocentric Answer: b. sociological Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective. Topic/Concept: The Sociological Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.2.2 __________ is the study of society and human behavior. a. Positivism b. Science c. Psychology d. Sociology Answer: d. Sociology Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.2.3 __________ is credited as being the founder of sociology. a. Auguste Comte b. W. E. B. Du Bois c. Karl Marx d. Jane Addams Answer: a. Auguste Comte Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.2.4 Ben is a sociologist applying the scientific method to the social world. Even though his methods are more modern, as a sociologist he knows that studying the social world in this way originated with __________. a. Auguste Rodin b. Auguste Comte c. Emile Weber d. Emile Durkheim Answer: b. Auguste Comte Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.2.5 The __________ uses objective, systematic observations to test theories. a. naturalistic method b. commonsense method c. scientific method d. research-free technique Answer: c. scientific method Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.2.6 Karl Marx believed that __________ was the most relevant factor in history. a. democracy b. communism c. reconciliation d. class conflict Answer: d. class conflict Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.2.7 Durkheim’s concept of __________ refers to how much people are tied to their social groups. a. social integration b. revolution c. conflict theory d. religion Answer: a. social integration Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.2.8 As Durkheim was able to do when he studied suicide, sociologists can __________. a. prove prior research has been inaccurate b. predict what is likely to happen based on their research c. insist on a tenured professorship d. question authority Answer: b. predict what is likely to happen based on their research Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.2.9 According to Max Weber, the key factor in society is __________. a. economics b. politics c. religion d. tradition Answer: c. religion Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.10 When did sociology first take root in the United States? a. the middle of the eighteenth century b. the late nineteenth century c. the middle of the twentieth century d. the early twenty-first century Answer: b. the late nineteenth century Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.3.11 Why do women not figure more prominently among early sociologists? a. There were no early female sociologists. b. Once sociology became a recognized academic discipline, men in academic positions decided that women engaged in social reform were not legitimate sociologists. c. In no field has sexism been more evident than in sociology. d. The field of sociology seemed neither rigorous enough nor relevant enough to attract women. Answer: b. Once sociology became a recognized academic discipline, men in academic positions decided that women engaged in social reform were not legitimate sociologists. Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.12 The work of W. E. B. Du Bois, an African American, __________. a. was recognized as an important part of the foundations of sociology from the earliest times b. has been completely ignored until the present c. was rejected by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) d. is recognized as important by contemporary sociologists Answer: d. is recognized as important by contemporary sociologists Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.13 W. E. B. Du Bois __________. a. was primarily a novelist b. collected and interpreted the work of others rather than making original contributions c. became a revolutionary Marxist and moved to Ghana d. had the good fortune to grow up in an era virtually free of racism Answer: c. became a revolutionary Marxist and moved to Ghana Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.14 Early sociologist and social reformer Jane Addams __________. a. fought against the American Civil Liberties Union b. won the Nobel Peace Prize c. married W. E. B. Du Bois d. never joined the American Sociological Society Answer: b. won the Nobel Peace Prize Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.15 Talcott Parsons was influential in __________. a. shifting sociology from reform to theory b. warning Americans about the power elite c. developing concrete models for social change d. shifting sociology from theory to reform Answer: a. shifting sociology from reform to theory Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.16 Perhaps ahead of the times, __________ warned of the dangers of the coalescing interests of the top leaders of business, politics, and the military. a. Talcott Parsons b. Ernest Burgess c. Jane Addams d. C. Wright Mills Answer: d. C. Wright Mills Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.3.17 Who is the audience for basic sociology? a. only those who deal with the most intimate policy matters b. only those who deal with the most intricate policy questions c. anyone and everyone d. natural scientists as opposed to social scientists Answer: c. anyone and everyone Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.18 Pure sociologists analyze some aspect of society to __________. a. make changes in the world b. gain knowledge for its own sake c. solve problems for the betterment of society d. get grants for their departments Answer: b. gain knowledge for its own sake Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.19 __________ harnesses the sociological perspective for the public good. a. Basic sociology b. Experimental sociology c. Classical sociology d. Public sociology Answer: d. Public sociology Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.4.20 In __________, symbols are the key to understanding how we look at the world and communicate with each other. a. functional analysis b. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory d. order theory Answer: b. symbolic interactionism Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.4.21 Applying symbolic interactionism, as divorce became more common, divorce became __________. a. more stigmatized b. a symbol of failure c. associated with new beginnings d. a symbol of success Answer: c. associated with new beginnings Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.4.22 Charles was studying symbolic interactionism in his sociology class. Charles was surprised to find that sociologists who take this viewpoint think that having love as the central reason for people to get married __________. a. prevents spouses from blaming each other b. actually may cause a weakening of the marriage c. makes divorce all but impossible d. actually may cause a strengthening of the marriage Answer: b. actually may cause a weakening of the marriage Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.4.23 Robert Merton would say negative results of people’s actions are __________. a. functions b. dysfunctions c. latent functions d. balancing functions Answer: b. dysfunctions Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.4.24 __________ operates at the microsociological level. a. Symbolic interactionism b. Functional analysis c. Anthropology d. Conflict theory Answer: a. Symbolic interactionism Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.4.25 In __________, the focus is on the struggle for scarce resources by different groups in society. a. functional analysis b. classical sociology c. conflict theory d. symbolic interactionism Answer: c. conflict theory Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.5.26 Common sense __________. a. is never true b. has always been false c. may or may not be true d. has finally caught up with sociology Answer: c. may or may not be true Learning Objective: LO 1.5 Explain why common sense can’t replace sociological research. Topic/Concept: Doing Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.6.27 What is the first step in the research model? a. reviewing the literature b. sharing the results c. beginning the case study d. choosing the subject matter Answer: d. choosing the subject matter Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Know the eight steps of the research model. Topic/Concept: A Research Model Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.6.28 A(n) __________ predicts a relationship between or among variables. a. research design b. literature review c. hypothesis d. aggregate Answer: c. hypothesis Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Know the eight steps of the research model. Topic/Concept: A Research Model Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.6.29 Sharon had spent months carrying out her sociological experiments. She had collected a ton of data. What was Sharon’s next step? a. Analyze the results. b. Generate more hypotheses. c. Select another topic. d. Share the results. Answer: a. Analyze the results. Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Know the eight steps of the research model. Topic/Concept: A Research Model Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.6.30 __________ is a precise way to measure a variable. a. Reliability b. Validity c. The hypothesis d. An operational definition Answer: d. An operational definition Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Know the eight steps of the research model. Topic/Concept: A Research Model Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.31 Which of the following is a research method? a. ensuring validity b. operationalizing the definition c. divining an answer d. using unobtrusive measures Answer: d. using unobtrusive measures Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.7.32 __________ is the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure. a. A variable b. Validity c. Hypothesis d. Reliability Answer: b. Validity Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.33 Reliability refers to __________. a. consistency of results b. secondary analysis c. how close the data we gathered comes to proving what we want to prove d. the way in which a researcher measures a variable Answer: a. consistency of results Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.34 The __________ is made up of people who are in the portion of the population being studied. a. sample b. control group c. respondent d. average Answer: a. sample Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.35 When you select a sample for a sociological study, your aim is to get __________. a. everyone in the population b. your friends to be the sample c. a representative sample d. a different individual to answer each item on the questionnaire Answer: c. a representative sample Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.36 In a __________, everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study. a. stratified random sample b. random sample c. sample of any sort d. survey Answer: b. random sample Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.37 __________ are the people who respond to a survey. a. Researchers b. Respondents c. Interviewers d. Populations Answer: b. Respondents Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.38 Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question? a. Should public officials who accept bribes be jailed? b. In your opinion, should public officials who accept bribes be required to perform community service? c. Should public officials who have been convicted for accepting bribes be registered in a public list in the same manner that sex offenders are registered? d. What do you think should be done to a public official who accepts bribes? Answer: d. What do you think should be done to a public official who accepts bribes? Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q1.7.39 To get people to answer in their own words, interviewers often use __________ questions. a. structured b. controlled c. open-ended d. closed-ended Answer: c. open-ended Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.40 Survey questions that provide options for answers are considered __________. a. closed-ended questions b. unstructured c. open-ended questions d. unfair Answer: a. closed-ended questions Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.41 It is difficult to __________ from participant observation research. a. generalize b. establish rapport c. understand alternative lifestyles d. get a feel for the real life of the respondents Answer: a. generalize Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.7.42 In secondary analysis, researchers analyze data collected by __________. a. artificial intelligence b. their own interviews c. others d. the subjects themselves Answer: c. others Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q1.7.43 The subjects exposed to an independent variable in an experiment are in the __________. a. experimental group b. population c. sources of potential bias d. control group Answer: a. experimental group Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.44 The independent variable causes a change in the __________. a. control group b. dependent variable c. other independent variables in the study d. generalizability of the experiment Answer: b. dependent variable Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.7.45 __________ means that two or more variables are present together. a. Control group b. An unobtrusive measure c. Correlation d. Secondary analysis Answer: c. Correlation Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.7.46 The best method of sociological research to use __________. a. is a survey b. depends on the type of question c. is an experiment d. is document analysis Answer: b. depends on the type of question Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.8.47 In sociological research, gender __________. a. plays no role b. excludes female subjects from most contemporary social research c. bias must be guarded against d. always leads to interviewer bias Answer: c. bias must be guarded against Learning Objective: LO 1.8 Explain how gender is significant in sociological research. Topic/Concept: Gender in Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.9.48 Plagiarism in sociological research __________. a. is acceptable in controlled experimental studies b. is probably unavoidable c. violates research ethics d. is acceptable in document studies Answer: c. violates research ethics Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Explain why it is vital for sociologists to protect the people they study and discuss the two cases that are presented. Topic/Concept: Ethics in Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.9.49 Professional handling of confidential sociological field notes entails __________. a. publishing them only in professional journals b. burning the notes once the researcher has had time to draw conclusions from them c. publishing them online, so that anyone can read them d. protecting respondents Answer: d. protecting respondents Learning Objective: LO 1.9 Explain why it is vital for sociologists to protect the people they study and discuss the two cases that are presented. Topic/Concept: Ethics in Sociological Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q1.10.50 Technological breakthroughs have enabled people to communicate, trade, and travel much more freely; the resultant erosion of what were once more impermeable national boundaries is known as __________. a. conflict theory b. globalization c. social understanding d. focusing on the macro level Answer: b. globalization Learning Objective: LO 1.10 Explain how research versus social reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology. Topic/Concept: Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Essay Questions TB_Q1.2.51: Very broadly, where did Weber believe that capitalism was more likely to flourish? Feedback: Max Weber believed that religion was the main force in social change. He thought that Roman Catholicism encouraged followers to hold on to traditional ways. He also believed the Protestant belief system encouraged change. Weber compared the extent of capitalism in Roman Catholic and Protestant countries and found capitalism more advanced in the latter. Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber. Topic/Concept: Origins of Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.3.52: Describe the three historical phases of sociology. Feedback: A tension between social reform and social analysis runs through sociology’s history. First phase: main purpose—to improve society; time—origins until the 1920s. Second phase: main purpose—to develop abstract knowledge; time—from the 1920s until the 1960s. Third phase: main purpose—to seek ways to apply sociological research findings; time—from the 1960s to the present. Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America, and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform. Topic/Concept: Sociology in North America Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.4.53: Discuss feminists and conflict theory. Feedback: Marx used conflict theory to examine conflict between capitalists and workers. Many feminists look at conflict between men and women in the same way: historical inequalities, contemporary inequalities, global inequalities. Not all feminists employ conflict theory. Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory. Topic/Concept: Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.6.54: What are the eight steps of the research model? Feedback: The eight steps of the research model (in chronological order) are 1. Select a topic. 2. Define the problem. 3. Review the literature. 4. Formulate a hypothesis. 5. Choose a research method. 6. Collect the data. 7. Analyze the results. 8. Share the results. Learning Objective: LO 1.6 Know the eight steps of the research model. Topic/Concept: A Research Model Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q1.7.55: What are the three necessary conditions for causation? Feedback: The three necessary conditions necessary to establish causation are 1. Correlation 2. Temporal priority 3. No spurious correlation Learning Objective: LO 1.7 Know the main elements of the seven research methods. Topic/Concept: Research Methods (Designs) Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Chapter 2: Culture Multiple-Choice Questions TB_Q2.1.1 The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and objects passed from one generation to the next make up a group’s __________. a. identity b. ethnocentrism c. culture d. material culture Answer: c. culture Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.1.2 __________ would be part of material culture. a. Hairstyles b. Language c. Beliefs d. Values Answer: a. Hairstyles Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.1.3 Nonmaterial culture refers to a group’s __________. a. art b. weapons c. ways of thinking and doing d. eating utensils Answer: c. ways of thinking and doing Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.1.4 One thing that can be said about material culture is that __________. a. it is “natural” b. it includes gestures c. it includes a people’s language d. there is nothing “natural” about it Answer: d. there is nothing “natural” about it Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.1.5 Who is ethnocentric? a. everyone b. westerners over 50, but not under 50 c. just those easterners who live in the Carolinas d. older people only Answer: a. Everyone Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.1.6 To try to understand a culture on its own terms is called __________. a. ethnocentrism b. cultural relativism c. folklore d. cultural education Answer: b. cultural relativism Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.1.7 Which of the following statements about cultural relativism is true? a. It has not been criticized by social scientists. b. Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating. c. Sociologists accept all cultures, without judgment. d. Cultural relativism encourages cultural smugness. Answer: b. Cultural relativism has come under attack because it can lead to acceptance of practices like genital cutting and wife beating. Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.1.8 After a fairly short plane ride from New York City, Irving found himself on a dusty road with goats, chickens, and motor scooters rather than cars. Food, clothing, and carpets were being sold by street vendors, some of whom worked from a cloth spread on the ground, in no order that he could recognize. Irving was likely experiencing __________. a. ethnocentrism b. culture shock c. a step back into history d. contact with people who shared none of his values Answer: b. culture shock Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.2.9 Another term for nonmaterial culture that sociologists use is __________. a. material culture b. symbolic culture c. gestural culture d. culture shock Answer: b. symbolic culture Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.2.10 An advantage of knowing a culture’s gestures is __________. a. they are closely tied to the language b. that although most gestures are recognized as universal, differences occasionally occur between cultures c. being able to communicate with simplicity d. that they will enable you to completely understand the culture Answer: c. being able to communicate with simplicity Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.2.11 The main way people communicate is through __________. a. gestures b. intermarriage c. language d. artwork Answer: c. language Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.2.12 The basis of culture is __________. a. customs b. heredity c. language d. sociology Answer: c. language Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.2.13 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that __________. a. languages are universal b. some languages, such as English, are superior to others c. perception and language are unrelated d. language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it Answer: d. language has ways of looking at the world embedded within it Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.2.14 People’s __________ have to do with what they think is appropriate in life. a. values b. mores c. taboos d. folkways Answer: a: values Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.2.15 A term for rules of behavior is __________. a. culture b. norms c. moral holidays d. sanctions Answer: b. norms Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.2.16 When you break norms, you receive __________. a. positive sanctions b. a day in class c. negative sanctions d. hugs and kisses Answer: c. negative sanctions Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.2.17 Paul loved to party at Mardi Gras, even if he was not involved in making a float or anything else. The atmosphere on the street was just so different, so easy. He had a great time. At such a __________, the rules were loosened. a. culture-free event b. police-free event c. free-for-all d. moral holiday Answer: d. moral holiday Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.2.18 When someone is jogging on the left side of the sidewalk and you, running faster, overtake that person on his or her right, this runs counter to a __________ in the United States. a. taboo b. more c. tradition d. folkway Answer: d. a folkway Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.2.19 If you kill another person, you have violated a society’s __________. a. mores b. incidental values c. folkways d. ethnocentrism Answer: a. mores Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.2.20 Even just the thought of the violation of a __________ fills us with revulsion. a. taboo b. more c. parking regulation d. folkway Answer: a. taboo Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.3.21 A distinct world within the overarching culture is a __________. a. superculture b. subculture c. miniculture d. monoculture Answer: b. subculture. Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Distinguish between subcultures and countercultures. Topic/Concept: Many Cultural Worlds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.3.22 How many subcultures does U.S. society contain? a. five b. almost ninety c. hundreds d. thousands Answer: d. thousands Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Distinguish between subcultures and countercultures. Topic/Concept: Many Cultural Worlds Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.3.23 Some of the values and norms of a __________ place it at odds with the dominant culture. a. subculture b. core culture c. counterculture d. sociologists’ group Answer: c. counterculture Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Distinguish between subcultures and countercultures. Topic/Concept: Many Cultural Worlds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.3.24 Harold got up early and cleaned and polished his motorcycle, while Fabienne packed a picnic lunch. Their destination was a park on a lake about 50 miles away, where they would meet some friends who also liked to ride motorcycles on weekends. They soon got underway, driving safely on the highway at the speed limit and enjoying the trip while they listened to National Public Radio. About halfway to their destination, Harold and Fabienne were overtaken by a speeding clump of about 10 motorcycles ridden by people with swastikas on the backs of their jackets. Several of the group appeared to be completely nude under their jackets, which was legal in their state due to an anachronistic law that said you could not disrobe outdoors, but that did not address the situation where you were already disrobed when you arrived outdoors. In all likelihood, Harold and Fabienne could be termed members of a motorcycleenthusiast __________, and the cyclists who passed them could be termed members of a motorcycle-enthusiast __________. a. culture; subculture b. subculture; counterculture c. subculture; culture d. counterculture; subculture Answer: b. subculture; counterculture Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Distinguish between subcultures and countercultures. Topic/Concept: Many Cultural Worlds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.4.25 A society made up of many different groups is called a(n) __________. a. pluralistic society b. fragmented society c. anachronous society d. ungovernable aggravation Answer: a. pluralistic society Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.4.26 Sociologists call the values held by most of the groups in a society __________. a. core values b. taboos c. habitual values d. universal values Answer: a. core values Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.4.27 The core value of education has __________. a. been easily pursued in the United States because college students are uninhibited b. changed to the point where nowadays a college education is thought to be a reasonable aim for most students in the United States c. not been held by most Americans since the 1960s d. changed over the years, until today a college education is considered an appropriate goal only for a small number of Americans Answer: b. changed to the point where nowadays a college education is thought to be a reasonable aim for most students in the United States Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.4.28 Most Americans feel that the only proper basis for marriage is __________. a. parental approval b. economics c. mutual respect d. romantic love Answer: d. romantic love Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.4.29 “In God We Trust” appears on money in the United States. This reflects the core value of __________. a. group superiority b. religiosity c. education d. freedom Answer: b. religiosity Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.4.30 If you study hard to get a degree so you can get a good job and afford a nice home and car, you could be said to be bound up in __________. a. a confused approach to life b. a value contradiction c. a value cluster pertaining to success d. the value of democracy Answer: c. a value cluster pertaining to success Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.4.31 A __________ exists between the value of group superiority and the values of freedom, democracy, and equality. a. continuity b. folkway c. taboo d. value contradiction Answer: d. value contradiction Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.4.32 Which statement about the origin of values is true? a. Essentially, values “just happen.” b. Values are unrelated to context in society. c. Values emerge out of the conditions that exist in a society. d. Individuals invent their own values. Answer: c. Values emerge out of the conditions that exist in a society. Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.4.33 Values are like lenses through which we see the world __________. a. in a nutshell b. as it ought to be c. with great clarity d. like it is Answer: b. as it ought to be Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.4.34 The __________ culture refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers worth aiming for. a. real b. concrete c. ideal d. fantasy Answer: c. ideal Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.4.35 The human potential movement exemplifies the emerging __________ value. a. self-fulfillment b. aging population c. leisure d. acceptance Answer: a. self-fulfillment Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.4.36 The term “real culture” refers to __________. a. the norms and values that people aspire to follow b. historical culture c. universal culture d. the norms and values that people actually follow Answer: d. the norms and values that people actually follow Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.5.37 __________ refer(s) to values, norms, or other cultural traits found everywhere. a. Cultural universals b. Global culture c. Natural selection d. Folkways Answer: a. Cultural universals Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain what cultural universals are and why they do not seem to exist. Topic/Concept: Cultural Universals Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.5.38 Which statement about incest is true? a. No society permits general incest for all its members. b. All societies agree on what incest is. c. The marriage of brothers and sisters is forbidden by all societies. d. The marriage of fathers and daughters is forbidden by all societies. Answer: a. No society permits general incest for all its members. Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Explain what cultural universals are and why they do not seem to exist. Topic/Concept: Cultural Universals Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.6.39 Sociobiologists believe that __________. a. biology is a basic cause of human behavior b. the key to human behavior is culture c. as a result of natural selection, biology no longer plays a role in human behavior d. the key to human behavior is religion Answer: a. biology is a basic cause of human behavior Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Explain why most sociobiologists consider genes to be an inadequate explanation of human behavior. Topic/Concept: Sociobiology and Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB Q2.6.40 __________ said that sociobiology will eventually absorb sociology. a. Charles Darwin b. Edward Wilson c. William Ogburn d. Benjamin Whorf Answer: b. Edward Wilson Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Explain why most sociobiologists consider genes to be an inadequate explanation of human behavior. Topic/Concept: Sociobiology and Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.6.41 Sociobiology emphasizes __________. a. the influence of genes on human behavior b. classical sociology c. conflict theory d. sociologically informed genetics Answer: a. the influence of genes on human behavior Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Explain why most sociobiologists consider genes to be an inadequate explanation of human behavior. Topic/Concept: Sociobiology and Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.7.42 Basically, technology is associated with __________. a. culture b. history c. tools d. sociology Answer: c. tools Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.7.43 The term “new technology” refers to __________. a. anything invented in the last five years b. emerging technology that impacts social life in a major way c. twenty-first-century technology d. an established technology that has changed the course of history Answer: b. emerging technology that impacts social life in a major way Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.7.44 Cultural diffusion is a __________. a. group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture b. one-way “street” from the West to other parts of the world c. change in “thinking” but not “doing” d. distraction from technology Answer: a. a group of people adopting things they find desirable from another culture Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.7.45 __________ refers to one part of a culture changing while other parts remain behind. a. Cultural reluctance b. Cultural lag c. Ethnocentrism d. Culture shock Answer: b. Cultural lag Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts TB_Q2.7.46 When there is culture change, a group’s __________ usually changes first. a. material culture b. sociobiology c. nonmaterial culture d. counterculture Answer: a. material culture Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.7.47 How is our nine-month school year a living example of cultural lag? a. Material culture never caught up with nonmaterial culture. b. The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s. c. The school year was not lengthened to nine months until the mid-1900s. d. The length of the school year was based on one-room schools, which have all but vanished. Answer: b. The length of the school year was determined by the farming culture of the late 1800s. Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know TB_Q2.7.48 What is the concern about artificial intelligence? a. It is science fiction. b. It may enable computers to replace human culture. c. It seems too good to be true. d. It is an extension of Google Glass. Answer: c. It may enable computers to replace human culture. Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.7.49 In cultural leveling, __________. a. cultures become more and more dissimilar to one another b. the least advanced culture dominates c. culture is leveled or destroyed, as in a blast d. cultures become more and more similar to one another Answer: d. cultures become more and more similar to one another Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts TB_Q2.7.50 It would be fair to say that in the cultural leveling process taking place today, __________. a. traditional cultures have all but disappeared b. certain qualities are lost forever c. sociobiology is at work d. we are producing a more distinctive, less bland way of life Answer: b. certain qualities are lost forever Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Essay Questions TB_Q2.1.51: What are the positive and negative sides of ethnocentrism? Feedback: Positive—Ethnocentrism creates in-group loyalties. Negative—Ethnocentrism can lead to discrimination against people whose ways differ from our own. Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Explain what culture is, how culture provides orientations to life, and what practicing cultural relativism means. Topic/Concept: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.2.52: Give at least three effects of language on human life. Feedback: Any three of these five effects: Language allows human experience to be cumulative. It provides a social or shared past. It provides a social or shared future. It allows shared perspectives. It allows shared, goal-directed behavior. Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Know the components of symbolic culture: gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, mores, and taboos; also explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Topic/Concept: Components of Symbolic Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.4.53: List at least five core values of U.S. society. Feedback: Any five: achievement and success; individualism; hard work; efficiency and practicality; science and technology; material comfort; freedom; democracy; equality; group superiority; education; religiosity; romantic love Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.4.54: Identify four interrelated core values emerging as a value cluster in the United States today. Feedback: The four interrelated core values emerging in the United States today are leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, and youthfulness. Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Discuss the major U.S. values and explain value clusters, value contradictions, value clashes, how values are lenses of perception, and ideal versus real culture. Topic/Concept: Values in U.S. Society Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It TB_Q2.7.55: What is the sociological significance of technology? Feedback: Technology sets the framework for a group’s nonmaterial culture. It influences how people think and how people relate to one another. An example is in gender relations, where the tradition of men dominating women is being challenged. Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Explain how technology changes culture and what cultural lag and cultural leveling are. Topic/Concept: Technology in the Global Village Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It