Solution Manual for Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 6th Edition

01_OGR_58632_Part1_(001-034).qxd 9/21/09 11:33 AM Page 19 two Phonetics Answers to questions, pp. 55–58 Section numbers before each problem indicate material on which the problem is based. SECTION 1 1. Sample answers: a) fish, huff, tough, phantom: the underlined letters in each word are pronounced [f ]. b) art [ɑ], cat [æ], table [ej], above [ə], awful [ɔ], Israel [i]. c) Peter, mesquite, priest, meet, meat: all underlined letters = [i] d) tough (where gh = [f ]); hiccough (where gh = [p]) SECTION 1.2 2. (Note: The vowels [ej], [aj], [aw], and [ow] are treated as single-unit segments. Most students will intuitively treat these vowels as single segments.) a) 2 [æt] e) 8 [sajkɑləi]* b) 3 [mæθ] f) 5 [nɑli]* c) 4 [kjuɹ] g) 7 [mejlbɑks] d) 5 [hɑpiŋ] h) 4 [ɔsəm] or 3 [ɔsm ] *Note that IPA transcription forces the 2-symbol transcription of what students should interpret as a single segment for the purposes of this question: [d ]. SECTION 5 3. a) voiced [ð] e) voiced [z] i) voiceless [h] or voiced [ j] b) voiceless [θ] f) voiceless [s] j) voiceless [) c) voiceless [f] g) voiceless [p] k) voiced [d ] d) voiced [v] h) voiced [b] l) voiced [b] m) voiced [w] or voiceless [ ] n) voiced [ ] o) voiced [n] p) voiced [w] SECTIONS 5–6 4. a) voiced [ow] b) voiceless [t] c) voiced [m] d) voiced [u] e) voiced [m] f) voiceless [k] g) voiced [n] h) voiceless [t] i) voiced [] j) voiced [z] k) voiced [] l) voiced [z] m) voiced [n] n) voiced [ow] o) voiceless [k] p) voiceless [t] 19 01_OGR_58632_Part1_(001-034).qxd 9/21/09 11:33 AM Page 20 20 PART TWO: Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions SECTION 4 5. a) same: alveolar b) same: velar c) different: bilabial/velar d) same: alveolar e) different: bilabial/alveolar f) same: alveopalatal g) different: labiodental/glottal h) different: labiovelar/palatal i) different: bilabial/labiodental j) same: alveopalatal k) different: alveolar/labiodental l) different: interdental/alveolar SECTION 5 6. a) same: fricative b) same: stop c) same: glide (continuant) d) same: fricative e) different: liquid/stop f) same: fricative g) different: affricate/fricative h) same: nasal (stop) i) different: liquid/glide j) same: affricate k) different: fricative/stop l) different: fricative/affricate SECTIONS 4–6 7. a) voiceless velar stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [k] b) voiced labiodental fricative . . . . . . . . . . . . . [v] c) voiced alveopalatal affricate . . . . . . . . . . . . [] d) voiced palatal glide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [j] e) voiced velar nasal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ŋ] f) voiceless interdental fricative . . . . . . . . . . . [θ] g) high back rounded lax vowel . . . . . . . . . . . [υ] h) low front unrounded vowel . . . . . . . . . . . . . [æ] SECTION 6 8. (Note: Some answers will vary according to dialect. This is a problem that should be checked in class with pronunciations elicited from students.) a) same: [æ] h) same: [aj] b) different: [ɑ] / [ɔ] or different: [aj] / [j] or same: [ɑ] i) same: [i] c) different: [i] / [i] j) different: [] / [υ] d) different: [] / [i] k) same: [i] or different: [i] / [i] e) same: [u] l) same: [ow] f) different: [ɑ] / [ɔ] m) same: [ɔ] or: [ɑ ] / [o] or: [o] g) different: [ε] / [ej] n) same: [aw] or same: [ε] or different: [w] / [aw] SECTIONS 4–6 9. (Note: Other answers may be possible.) a) [p, t, k, , ʔ] are all stops. b) [i, e, ε, æ] are all front vowels. 01_OGR_58632_Part1_(001-034).qxd 9/21/09 11:33 AM Page 21 CHAPTER 2: Phonetics 21 c) [, , ʃ, ] are all alveopalatals (stridents). d) [p, b, m, f, v] are all labials. e) [, ə, υ, a] are all back vowels. f) [h, ʔ] are both voiceless glottals. g) [u, o] are both back rounded vowels. h) [s, z, , , ʃ, ] are all stridents. i) [l, ɹ, m, n, ŋ, j, w] are all sonorants. j) [t, d, l, ɹ, n, s, z] are all alveolars. SECTIONS 5.5, 7 10. (Note: Some variation is to be expected, especially in certain vowels in unstressed syllables, such as (c) and (s), which may fluctuate between [] and [ə] as their initial vowel.) a) tog [tɑ ] i) peel [pil] q) spell [spεl] b) kid [kid] j) stun [stn] r) cord [kɔɹd] [koɹd] c) attain [ətejn] k) Oscar [ɑskɹ] s) accord [əkɔɹd] [əkoɹd] d) despise [dəspajz] l) cooler [kulɹ] t) astound [əstawnd] e) elbow [εlbow] m) sigh [saj] u) pure [pjuɹ] f) haul [hɔl]/[hɑl] n) hulk [hlk] v) wheeze [wiz]/[ iz] g) juice [us] o) explode [εksplowd] w) remove [ɹimuv] [iksplowd] h) thimble [θimbl] p) tube [tub] x) clinical [klinikl] [tjub] SECTION 8.1 11. (Note: Just one of several possible intonations is given here.) H LH a) ‘Hi, Alice.’ H L H L HL b) ‘Three people got off the bus at the last stop.’ H L H L c) ‘My uncle likes to mountain climb.’ SECTION 8.3 12. a) súnny b) banána c) bláckbòard d) Cánada e) (to) rejéct f) arríve g) defý h) súmmary i) Canádian j) (a) réject k) sécret l) excéed m) súmmery n) Canádianìze o) dífficult 01_OGR_58632_Part1_(001-034).qxd 9/21/09 11:33 AM Page 22 22 PART TWO: Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions SECTION 10 and bedfordstmartins.com/linguistics/phonetics, the section on IPA vowels and consonants, and Tables 2.28 and 2.29 13. Answers will vary. SECTION 9 14. a) metathesis b) deletion c) dissimilation d) (full) assimilation e) (voicing) assimilation f) metathesis g) deletion SECTION 9 15. Differences between careful and rapid speech are underlined. Careful speech Rapid speech a) assimilation [in maj] [im maj] b) deletion and vowel reduction [si ðεm] [siəm] c) deletion and vowel reduction [si him] [siəm] d) (intervocalic) voicing [wiθin] [wiðin] e) (unstressed schwa) deletion [bəlunz] [blunz] f) deletion (of unstressed vowel) and syllabification of liquid [kεɹfυl] [kεɹfl] g) deletion of either [t] or [d]; flapping [sit dawn] [siɾawn] (Note: There is no way to tell which of the consonants deletes. One could even argue that they coalesce into a single consonant [though coalescence is not dealt with in this chapter]. In any event, only a single [t] or [d] flaps in English, so it is important to include deletion in the list of processes and follow it with flapping.) h) (consonant) deletion [ədvajs] [əvajs] i) metathesis (and deaspiration) [skɑtʃ tejp] [kɑtʃstejp] j) deletion of [ow] and syllabification of [ɹ] [pɹowtεkʃn ] [pɹ tεkʃn ] (Note: The author interprets this as metathesis of the r and following vowel followed by the reduction of the unstressed [ow] to [ə].) k) These changes are best interpreted as a series of steps: • assimilation (for nasality) [hænd mi] ~nd mi] [hæ • (consonant) deletion ~nd mi] [hæ ~ n mi] [hæ