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Molecular Biology- Principles and Practice 2e
Cox et. al
Chapter 2
1.
Mendelโs success in formulating his fundamental principles of inheritance can be attributed to which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mendel focused on the overall appearance of the plant rather than on individual traits.
Mendel focused on individual traits of the plant rather than on the overall appearance.
Mendel chose to study complex traits that result from interactions between multiple genes.
Mendel used an organism that grew slowly, therefore having long generation times.
Mendel used fruit flies to study inheritance.
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Level: Easy
Blooms: Comprehension
2.
If a pea plant strain is true-breeding for a particular trait, then:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
crosses between two true-breeding plants with the same trait will have offspring identical to the parents.
it will be homozygous for all genes.
it must be a recessive trait.
it is not useful for studying inheritance.
it only self-fertilizes.
Answer: A
Section: 2.1
Level: Easy
Blooms: Comprehension
3.
True-breeding, purple-flowered pea plants were crossed with true-breeding, white-flowered pea plants. The F1
progeny all had purple flowers. If the F1 offspring are self-fertilized, what progeny phenotypes would be
expected?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1 purple : 2 pink : 1 white
3 white : 1 purple
3 purple : 1 white
all purple
all white
Answer: C
Section: 2.1
Level: Easy
Blooms: Application
4.
A cross of pea plants, both heterozygous for seed shape and color traits, resulted in progeny in the ratio 9/16
round yellow (R_Y_), 3/16 round green (R_yy), 3/16 wrinkled yellow (rrY_), and 1/16 wrinkled green (rryy).
This result demonstrates that the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
alleles responsible for seed color are segregating but those responsible for shape are not.
alleles of seed shape and color are segregating independently.
phenotypes corresponding to seed shape are segregating 1:2:1.
alleles governing seed color display codominance.
alleles for seed shape and color are linked.
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
5.
True-breeding pea plants with inflated, yellow pods were crossed with true-breeding plants with constricted,
green pods. The F1 progeny all had inflated, green pods. When the F1 is allowed to self-fertilize, what fraction
of the F2 progeny will have constricted, yellow pods?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1/4
3/4
1/16
3/16
9/16
Answer: C
Section: 2.1
Level: Medium
Blooms: Application
6.
True-breeding tall snapdragons with red flowers were crossed with short snapdragons with white flowers. The
resulting F1 progeny were all of medium height and had pink flowers. When the F1 progeny are crossed with
each other, what proportion of the F2 progeny would be of medium height and have pink flowers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1/4
1/2
1/8
1/16
3/4
Answer: A
Section: 2.1
Level: Medium
Blooms: Application
7.
Which of the following traits will show Mendelian behavior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
dominance
semidominance
codominance
epistasis
linkage
Answer: A
Section: 2.1
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
AA
AB
8. The child of a mother with I I blood and father with I I blood will have:
AA
A. 25% chance of being I I .
A A.
B. 50% chance of being I I
AA
C. 75% chance of being I I .
AB
D. 25% chance of being I I .
BB
E. 50% chance of being I I .
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Level: Medium
Blooms: Application
9. A fruit fly homozygous for wild-type eyes and straight wings was crossed with a fly homozygous for rosy eyes
and wrinkled wings. The progeny all showed wild-type eyes and straight wings. When crossing the F 1, the resulting
offspring showed 3 wild-type eyes/straight wings : 1 rosy eyes/wrinkled wings. This data suggest:
A. rosy eyes is dominant.
B. straight wings is recessive.
C. these two genes are linked.
D. these two genes are sex-linked.
E. these two genes are codominant.
Answer: C
Section: 2.1
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
10. Using the great lubber grasshopper as a model, Walter Sutton observed:
A. separation of maternal and paternal chromosomes during mitosis.
B. replication of chromosomes during meiosis.
C. crossing over of homologous chromosomes.
D. pairing of homologous chromosomes during mitosis.
E. pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Answer: E
Section: 2.1
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
11. Photographs of cells from onion root tips are often used to show chromosomes primarily because these cells
are:
A. diploid.
B. rapidly undergoing mitosis.
C. rapidly undergoing meiosis.
D. in stationary phase.
E. lacking organelles.
Answer: B
Section: 2.2
Level: Medium
Blooms: Application
12. Tetrads are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
composed of a pair of nonhomologous chromosomes.
composed of two pairs of sister chromatids.
formed in prophase II of meiosis.
lined up along the cell axis during metaphase II.
formed during DNA synthesis.
Answer: B
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
13. The pair of sister-chromatids, formed by replication of a chromosome, are held together at a specific region of
the chromosome called the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
replication fork.
telomere.
centromere.
centriole.
origin.
Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
14. Differentiated cells, such as fat cells, have acquired their specialized function and remain in:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
S phase.
G1 phase.
G2 phase.
M phase.
G0 phase.
Answer: E
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
15. The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes condense, nuclei disappear, and the mitotic spindle begins to form
is known as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
prophase.
metaphase.
anaphase.
telophase.
interphase.
Answer: A
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
16. What technical advance allowed Walther Flemming and other scientists of his generation to better understand
the stages of mitosis and meiosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the ability to obtain single cells
the ability to slice cells thinly
microscopes with two eyepieces
microscopes with high-quality oil immersion lens
electron microscopes
Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
17. The mitotic stage in which the chromosomes decondense and the nuclear membrane reforms is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
prophase.
metaphase.
anaphase.
telophase.
interphase.
Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
18. The centromeres of sister chromatids uncouple and the chromatids separate in what meiotic phase?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
prophase I
metaphase II
anaphase I
telophase II
anaphase II
Answer: E
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
19. The primary result of meiosis is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
gamete formation.
two daughter cells from one parental cell.
four daughter cells from one parental cell.
gamete formation, two from one parental cell.
gamete formation, four from one parental cell.
Answer: E
Section: 2.2
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
20. In meiosis, the complexity of DNA (amount of information encoded) per cell is essentially halved as compared
to the original cell. This reduction in information occurs immediately after:
A.
B.
C.
D.
metaphase I.
metaphase II.
telophase I.
telophase II.
Answer: C
Section: 2.2
Level: Medium
Blooms: Analysis
21. In the ZW system of sex determination (as in birds), a male is _____________ while a female is
______________.
A. ZZ : ZW
B. ZW : ZZ
C. Z0 : ZW
D. Z : ZW
Answer: A
Section: 2.2
Level: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
22. The wild-type allele of a gene is:
A. dominant to other alleles.
B. recessive to other alleles.
C. found at the lowest frequency in a population.
D. found at the greatest frequency in a population.
Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
23. Genes are said to be linked when:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
they lie on the same chromosome.
they lie on the same chromosome and are greater than 50 map units apart.
they lie on the same chromosome and are less than 50 map units apart.
they are alleles of the same gene.
None of these choices are correct.
Answer: C
Section: 2.3
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
24. What observation by Thomas Hunt Morgan led to the understanding that genes were on chromosomes?
A. The white-eyed trait was recessive and disappeared in the F1 generation.
B. In a cross of a red-eyed female and a white-eyed male, only females in the F2 generation were white-eyed.
C. The inheritance of the white-eyed trait in fruit flies followed the same pattern of inheritance as that of the
X chromosome.
D. The inheritance of the white-eyed trait in fruit flies followed the same pattern of inheritance as that of the
Y chromosome.
E. Inheritance of the white-eyed trait was the same for female and male flies.
Answer: C
Section: 2.3
Level: Hard
Blooms: Comprehension
25. Calvin Bridges, an associate of Thomas Hunt Morganโs, found further evidence that genes were located on
chromosomes. Which of the following is not a component of his study?
w w
W
A. He crossed white-eyed females (X X ) with red-eyed males (X Y).
B. The F1 progeny were mostly the red-eyed males and white-eyed females expected.
C. A few rare white-eyed females and red-eyed males were observed, which he called primary exceptionals.
D. He proposed that the rare white-eyed females were the result of abnormal chromosome number.
E. Abnormal chromosome number was a result of nondisjunction in the female fly.
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
26. The chromosomal abnormality Calvin Bridges observed as a characteristic of โprimary exceptionalsโ is a result
of:
A. mutation.
B. nondisjunction.
C. chiasmata.
D. recombination.
E. linkage.
Answer: B
Section: 2.3
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
27. The test cross ab/ab ร AB/ab is performed. The following number of progeny of each genotype are obtained:
38% AaBb, 12% Aabb, 12% aaBb, 38% aabb. What is the distance (in map units) between the two genes in
question?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
38 centimorgans (cM)
24 centimorgans (cM)
19 centimorgans (cM)
12 centimorgans (cM)
6 centimorgans (cM)
Answer: D
Section: 2.3
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
28. Five two-point crosses involving the four linked genes A, B, C, and D were performed in yeast with the following
results:
AB ร ab: 41% AB 39% ab 9% Ab 11% aB
AC ร ac: 45% AC 48% ac 4% Ac 4% aC
BC ร bc: 44% BC 44% bc 6% Bc 6% bC
AD ร ad: 48% AD 46% ad 3% Ad 3% aD
BD ร bd: 37% BD 37% bd 12% bD 13% Bd
Which is the best map for these four genes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
B
6mu
A
4mu
C
3mu
B
12mu C
8mu
A
6mu
D
3mu
A
4mu
C
6mu
A
4mu
C
6mu
B
12mu
The data suggest that the genes are not linked.
Answer: C
Section: 2.3
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
D
D
B
D
29. Oswald Avery found that DNA was necessary and sufficient for bacterial transformation. Which of the
following experimental results support this statement (select all that apply)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Removal of DNA from virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae cell extracts eliminated transformation.
Removal of RNA from virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae cell extracts eliminated transformation.
Protein alone will cause bacterial transformation to occur.
DNA alone will cause bacterial transformation to occur.
Answer: A, D
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
30. In the following pathway, mutation of enzyme II would result in the accumulation of ______________ and the
mutant would require _____________ in the media in order to grow.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Citrulline : arginine
Ornithine : citrulline
Precursor : ornithine
Ornithine : precursor
Arginine : citrulline
Answer: B
Section: 2.4
Level: Easy
Blooms: Comprehension
31. Which of the following has the information flow of the central dogma in the correct order?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
DNA, translation, RNA, replication, protein
DNA, transcription, RNA, replication, protein
RNA, translation, DNA, transcription, protein
DNA, transcription, RNA, translation, protein
RNA, transcription, DNA, translation, protein
Answer: D
Section: 2.4
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
32. When considering alleles of a gene, DNA is to genotype as ______________ is/are to phenotype.
A. RNA
B.
C.
D.
E.
mutation
proteins
lipids
nucleotides
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
33. In the early 1900s, determining the chemical basis of heredity was difficult because chromosomes are
composed of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
DNA.
RNA.
protein.
DNA and protein.
DNA, RNA, and protein.
Answer: D
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
34. If protein had been the genetic material, then what would Oswald Avery have observed in his experiments?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bacterial extracts treated with proteinase would transform nonvirulent bacteria into the virulent strain.
Bacterial extracts treated with proteinase would not transform nonvirulent bacteria into the virulent strain.
Bacterial extracts treated with DNAse would transform nonvirulent bacteria into the virulent strain.
Bacterial extracts treated with DNAse would not transform nonvirulent bacteria into the virulent strain.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statements 1 and 3
Statements 2 and 3
Statements 2 and 4
Answer. D
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Synthesis
35. Archibald Garrodโs evaluations of alkaptonuria (black urine in patients) led him to conclude:
A.
B.
C.
D.
a mutation can result in a nonfunctional enzyme.
enzymes are required for biochemical pathways.
this defect is sex-linked and recessive.
disjunction can result in a nonfunctional enzyme.
Answer:. A
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Comprehension
36. George Beadle and Edward Tatum used _____________as a model organisms and created mutants using
______________.
A. Drosophila melanogaster : irradiation
B. Escherichia coli : irradiation
C. Neurospora crassa : irradiation
D. Drosophila melanogaster : carcinogenic chemicals
E. Neurospora crassa : carcinogenic chemicals
Answer. C
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
37. George Beadle and Edward Tatum used auxotrophs to determine their โone geneโone enzymeโ hypothesis.
An auxotroph is best described as:
A. a defective enzyme.
B. a result of nondisjunction.
C. a mutant unable to grow on minimal media.
D. a wild-type version of a model organism.
E. an organism with a dominant lethal mutation.
Answer. C
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Knowledge
38. The โone geneโone enzymeโ hypothesis of George Beadle and Edward Tatum was an oversimplification
because:
A. mutations may not completely inactivate an enzyme.
B. some enzymes contain more than one polypeptide.
C. some enzymes can be phosphorylated.
D. auxotrophs can be corrected.
E. some RNAs are independently catalytic.
Answer. B
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Comprehension
39. George Beadle and Edward Tatum created a collection of mutants to study the following pathway.
A mutant shows no growth on minimal media; however it shows growth if citrulline is provided. These results
indicate the mutation would most likely be in the gene for:
A. Enzyme I.
B. Enzyme II.
C. Enzyme III
D. either Enzyme I or Enzyme II.
E. either Enzyme II or Enzyme III.
Answer. D
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
40. rRNA is (select all that apply):
A. associated with ribosomes.
B. the least abundant RNA in the cell.
C. the most abundant RNA in the cell.
D. relatively consistent in sequence between organisms.
E. considerably variable in sequence between organisms.
Answer: A, C, D
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Synthesis
41. Crickโs proposed โadaptor moleculeโ is now known to be:
A. mRNA.
B. rRNA.
C. tRNA.
D. imRNA.
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Synthesis
42. A mutation in a tRNA gene could potentially decrease the ability of that tRNA to (select all that apply):
A. complex with ribosomes.
B. bind to an amino acid.
C. bind multiple amino acids simultaneously.
D. control DNA replication.
E. code for protein.
Answer: A, B
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
43. Epigenetic inheritance may depend on all the following except:
A. the DNA sequence from a parent.
B. inherited chemical modification of parental nucleotides.
C. inherited nucleosome structure of chromosome.
D. inherited chemical modification of parental proteins.
Answer: A
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
44. Hemophilia in humans results from an X-linked recessive gene. Which of these statements regarding the
inheritance of this trait is true?
A. Heterozygous females will exhibit a milder form of hemophilia.
B. All daughters of an affected mother will have hemophilia.
C. Carrier females will always pass the hemophilia allele to their sons.
D. Males who inherit the recessive allele from their fathers will exhibit hemophilia.
E. All sons of an affected mother will have hemophilia.
Answer: E
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Analysis
45. A woman with apparently normal health (mother) and a colorblind man (father) had a son with hemophilia and
a normal daughter. If the genes for both traits are on the X chromosome, which statement about this family is
true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The maternal grandfather is colorblind.
The daughter cannot be a carrier for colorblindness.
The maternal grandfather is not hemophilic.
There is a 50% chance that the maternal grandfather is hemophilic.
The father is a carrier of hemophilia.
Answer: D
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Analysis
46. A patient in his forties is diagnosed with Huntington disease. The patientโs mother is healthy and a genetic
evaluation shows 25 and 26 CAG repeats within her HTT alleles. The patientโs father died at age 24 when the
patient was 2 and no genetic evaluation can be done. It is most likely that:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the father was heterozygous for the defective HTT allele.
the father was homozygous for the defective HTT allele.
the mother is a carrier for the defective HTT allele.
the HTT gene acquired additional CAG repeats during the 40 years of the patientโs life.
Answer: A
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Synthesis
47. A newborn is identified as having cystic fibrosis. While both parents are healthy, a genetic screening of both
parents will most likely reveal:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the father is a carrier of the mutant CF allele.
the mother is a carrier of the mutant CF allele.
both mother and father are carriers of a mutant CF allele.
neither mother nor father are carriers; spontaneous mutation caused the babyโs disease.
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Evaluation
48. Cystic fibrosis is most often caused by the CFTRโF508 mutation. This mutation:
A. reduces the function of a chloride ion channel.
B. increases ATP binding to chloride.
C. is autosomal dominant.
D. causes symptoms in carriers.
Answer: A
Section: 2.4
Level: Easy
Blooms: Knowledge
49. A newborn is identified as having sickle-cell anemia. While both parents are healthy, a screening of both
parents will most likely reveal:
A. both mother and father are carriers of a mutant ฮฑ chain gene.
B. only one parent has a mutant ฮฑ chain gene since mutation is dominant.
C. both mother and father are carriers of a mutant ฮฒ chain gene.
D. only one parent has a mutant ฮฒ chain gene since mutation is dominant.
E. both parents carry a mutant hemoglobin gene and are highly susceptible to malaria.
Answer: C
Section: 2.4
Level: Medium
Blooms: Application
50. In order to prove genetic recombination occurred through material (DNA) exchange between homologous
maize (corn) chromosomes, Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock:
A. stained individual chromosomes to see banding, and then observed segregation of bands.
B. observed specific morphologic features of one chromosome being โtradedโ with its homolog.
C. created mutations of chromosomes via irradiation and observed transfer of damaged DNA between homologs.
32
D. labeled one chromosome with P and observed the transfer of radioactivity to the homolog.
Answer: B
Section: 2.4
Level: Hard
Blooms: Comprehension
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