Law and Ethics for Health Professions 7th Edition Test Bank

Chapter 02 Making Ethical Decisions Multiple Choice Questions 1. In Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, the need for basic life (food, shelter), a safe environment, and to belong and be loved are designated “D” needs. What does “D” stand for? A. deficiency B. deprivation C. destitute D. demanding E. decisive According to Maslow’s theory, there are five stages of needs that influence our behavior. We must satisfy each need in order, and the resulting progression is called a hierarchy. Maslow defined needs 1 to 3 as deficiency, or D-needs. Needs 4 and 5 are growth needs, also known as being or B-needs. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 2. Which of the following is known as a B-need in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs? A. A patient with cancer needs chemotherapy. B. A medical assistant needs to be respected by his/her fellow medical assistants. C. A child in the waiting room needs a safe play area. D. A family needs food from the food bank. E. A health care provider needs assistance with their own addiction problem. The need for esteem and respect is a B-need. The need for chemotherapy and food along with assistance with a medical problem are D-needs. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 3. Psychologists question how individuals develop values that guide them in ethical decision making. Which of the following reflects current thought on value development? A. Individuals move from a personal value system to a needs-based motivation. B. Value development is the same for all people regardless of culture. C. Value development is not influenced by economic status. D. When people are born, they have no values in place. E. Once developed, values cannot change. People are born without values. Many psychologists believe that individuals move from needs-based motivation to a personal value system that develops from childhood. The value system people develop as they grow and mature is dependent on the cultural framework and economic situation in which they live. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: X.C.1. Differentiate between legal, ethical, and moral issues affecting healthcare Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 4. A health practitioner is interviewing a 6-year-old male child who is in Piaget’s preoperational stage. Which of the following is characteristic of this stage? A. The child views the world from his own perspective. B. The child is totally self-centered. C. The child tends to see things as either right or wrong. D. The child begins to develop abstract thought. E. The child sees adults as powerful and controlling. During the preoperational stage (2 to 7 years), the child views the world from his or her own perspective. In the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), the child is totally self-centered. In the concrete operational stage (7 to 12 years), the child tends to see things as either right or wrong, and in the formal operational stage, children develop abstract thought and begin to understand there may be varying degrees of wrongdoing. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 5. A child life specialist caring for children in the pediatric ward plays a game with a young patient who is enjoying the game, but makes up the rules as she goes along. This behavior is characteristic of what stage of moral development? A. sensorimotor stage B. preoperational stage C. concrete operational stage D. formal operational stage E. post-operational stage The child in the preoperational stage of moral development views the world from his or her own perspective. For example, when playing a game, the child is not particularly concerned with the rules of play, rather the focus is on fun, not rules. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 6. A child tells a nurse that he stole money from his mother’s purse because he needed money to buy some candy. He also states that he knows what he did was wrong and will not do it again. Based on this conversation, what stage of moral development would this child be experiencing? A. sensorimotor stage B. preoperational stage C. concrete operational stage D. formal operational stage E. post-operational stage During the formal operational stage, children develop abstract thought and begin to understand that there may be different degrees of wrongdoing. During this stage, intentions, such as lying (I intend to deceive you) and stealing (I intend to take that money) are central to decisions made. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 7. Which of the following theorists believed that human behavior is based on specific human needs that must often be met in a specific order? A. Abraham Maslow B. Jean Piaget C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Immanuel Kant E. Alasdair MacIntyre Abraham Maslow is the best known psychologist for the needs-based motivation theory. By observing children at play, Piaget described four levels of moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg modified and expanded Piaget’s work, laying the groundwork for modern studies on moral development. Immanuel Kant is considered the father of duty-oriented theory. Alastair MacIntyre is a major theorist who writes about virtue ethics. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 8. Lawrence Kohlberg modified and expanded Piaget’s work, laying the groundwork for modern studies on moral development. On which of the following tenets did the two disagree? A. that children under 12 years of age could develop moral values B. that children form ways of thinking through their experiences C. that the process of moral maturity took longer than 12 years D. that children under 12 years of age could understand moral concepts E. that all moral values are determined at birth Consistent with Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that children form ways of thinking through their experiences that include understanding of moral concepts such as justice, rights, equality, and human welfare. Kohlberg differed from Piaget in that he followed the development of moral judgment beyond the ages studied by Piaget, and he determined that the process of attaining moral maturity took longer and was more gradual than Piaget had proposed. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 9. A person who makes a commitment to universal principles such as social justice, equal rights, and respect for the dignity of all people is in what stage of Kohlberg’s developmental theory? A. pre-conventional morality, Stage 1 B. pre-conventional morality, Stage 2 C. conventional morality D. post-conventional morality, Stage 1 E. post-conventional morality, Stage 2 The second stage of post-conventional morality is called universal principles. In this stage, the individual makes a personal commitment to such universal principles as social justice, equal rights, and respect for the dignity of all people and realizes that conventional norms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. If there is a conflict between these values and the social contract, the individual follows his or her basic principles. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 10. Jean Piaget is one of the most famous researchers in value development. How did Piaget formulate that there are four levels of moral development? A. by interviewing families with children B. by interviewing grandparents C. by observing male children in the classroom D. by researching the discipline patterns of parents E. by observing children at play A variety of theories exist about how people develop values. Most focus on the stages of development from childhood to adulthood. By observing children at play, Piaget described four levels of moral development. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 11. A hospital administrator makes a decision to shut down a wing due to budget cuts even though some people will lose their jobs. The decision is based on results that will produce the greatest balance of good over evil, everyone considered. What type of framework is the administrator employing to make this value decision? A. duty-oriented theory B. deontological theory C. rule-utilitarianism D. act-utilitarianism E. justice Teleological or consequence-oriented theory judges the rightness of a decision based on the outcome or predicted outcome of the decision. Utilitarianism is the most well-known of these theories. In act-utilitarianism, a person makes value decisions based on results that will produce the greatest balance of good over evil. In rule-utilitarianism, a person makes value decisions based on a rule that if generally followed would produce the greatest balance of good over evil. Deontological or duty-oriented theory focuses on the essential rightness or wrongness of an act, not the consequences of the act. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 12. A nurse manager determines the work shifts for the staff based on predetermined health care facility guidelines. This is an example of what type of decision making? A. rule-utilitarianism B. act-utilitarianism C. duty-oriented D. deontological E. virtue ethics In rule-utilitarianism, a person makes value decisions based on a rule, that if generally followed would produce the greatest balance of good over evil, everyone considered. In actutilitarianism, a person makes value decisions based on results that will produce the greatest balance of good over evil, everyone considered. Deontological or duty-oriented theory focuses on the essential rightness or wrongness of an act, not the consequences of the act. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value development theories 13. When using the utilitarianism method of problem solving, which of the following do proponents of this method indicate should be the solution of choice? A. The option with the earliest solution to the problem. B. The option that reflects the decider’s highest principles. C. The solution that provides happiness over pain for those involved. D. The solution that has the best long-term results. E. The option that is absolutely right. Often when describing utilitarianism, writers indicate that the solution that provides happiness or a net increase in pleasure over pain for those involved should be selected. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 14. A healthcare facility administrator considers the principle of utility when making decisions that affect the employees of the facility. Which of the following describes this principle? A. It is based upon absolute truths applied in other situations. B. It brings about positive results when generalized to a wide variety of situations. C. It is the decision that is desired by the majority. D. It is the decision that has the fewest adverse effects on the facility as a whole. Supporters of the utilitarian theory have created a principle of utility. The principle of utility requires that the rule used to make the decision be a rule that brings about positive results when generalized to a wide variety of situations. There are, however, no absolute truths in utilitarianism. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 15. Immanuel Kant defined categorical imperative as the guiding principle for all decision making. What is the meaning of this principle? A. there are no exceptions to the rule B. it is imperative to solve problems in a timely fashion C. all categories of decision making are subject to the same scrutiny D. the consequence of the act is more important than whether it was right or wrong E. all categories should be considered when making a decision Deontological or duty-oriented theory focuses on the essential rightness or wrongness of an act, not the consequences of the act. Immanuel Kant is considered the father of duty-oriented theory. He defined the categorical imperative as the guiding principle for all decision making. This principle means that there are no exceptions (categorical) from the rule (imperative). The right action is one based on a determined principle, regardless of outcome. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 16. A physician running a busy practice makes decisions for his employees on a regular basis. The physician would describe himself as “moral man with common sense, a sense of justice, and courage who makes the right decisions in life by focusing on these moral traits.” What theory of decision making is being employed by this physician? A. deontological B. utilitarian C. virtue ethics D. consequence-oriented theory E. duty-oriented theory Rather than focusing on decision making or reasoning to arrive at a right action, virtue ethics focuses on the traits, characteristics, and virtues that a moral person should have. Virtue ethicists believe that someone who has appropriate moral virtues such as practical wisdom (common sense), a sense of justice, and courage will make the right decision. Deontological or duty-oriented theory focuses on the essential rightness or wrongness of an act, not the consequences of the act. Utilitarianism is consequence-oriented theory that states that decisions should be made by determining what results will produce the best outcome for the most people. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: X.C.1. Differentiate between legal, ethical, and moral issues affecting healthcare Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 17. Virtue ethics focuses on the traits, characteristics, and virtues that a moral person should have. Who is the most well-known ethicist to write about this ethical decision making process? A. Aristotle B. Immanuel Kant C. Abraham Maslow D. Jean Piaget E. Alasdair MacIntyre MacIntyre argued that the practice of medicine has traditions and standards of practice that apply to every health care practitioner and which may be used to follow the dictates of an idealized role. Immanuel Kant is considered the father of duty-oriented theory. He defined the categorical imperative as the guiding principle for all decision making. Abraham Maslow identified a hierarchy of needs that motivates our actions. By observing children at play, Piaget described four levels of moral development. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 18. According to MacIntyre’s theory of virtue ethics, what principle helps the decision maker arrive at a decision? A. belief in a higher being B. loyalty to the role he or she plays C. belief in the golden rule D. looking to the future E. looking to religion In virtue ethics, the loyalty to the role the decision maker plays helps make the decision. The decision maker looks to what has been done in the past, assuming that it represents the right answer. Belief in a higher being and the golden rule are characteristics of deontological or duty-oriented theory. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 19. What basic flaw do critics cite as the major problem with using value ethics as a decisionmaking tool? A. The decision-making framework to too rigid. B. People in different walks of life would come to different decisions. C. Not all people are moral or use common sense. D. The past may not provide the right answer. E. The decision-making framework is difficult to understand. Like the other theories, virtue ethics has its critics, especially because the past may not provide the right answer. Situations that were appropriate in health care 10 years ago may not apply today. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 20. A nurse practitioner is also a manager in a small practice with three physicians. One of the medical assistants comes to her and says that another employee is falsifying her work hours. The nurse practitioner knows that the two employees don’t get along. What would be the next step the nurse would take if following the problem-solving process? A. Collect the facts. B. List the options. C. Evaluate the potential options. D. Make a decision and act. E. Ask the other employee why she is falsifying her work hours. After identifying a problem, the next step in the decision-making process is to collect the facts. The remaining steps are to list the options, evaluate them, and make a decision and act. The nurse practitioner must first determine if the employee is, in fact, falsifying her work hours. That will require much observation on her part to compare when the employee is at work and what the time sheet says. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 21. Autonomy is considered one of the seven universal principles of health care ethics. Which of the following is an example of autonomy? A. A physician performs health care screenings for impoverished patients. B. A housekeeper in the hospital performs duties following safety procedures. C. A health care practitioner makes competent decisions related to patient care. D. An X-ray technician follows HIPAA regulations when displaying X-rays. E. A surgeon tells the patient that the surgery could result in death. Autonomy is characterized by competency, ability to act on decisions, and respect for the autonomy of others. Performing screenings for impoverished patients is an example of beneficence. Keeping patients safe is an example of non-maleficence. Confidentiality is protected when the HIPAA act is followed. The surgeon being very straightforward is an example of veracity. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 22. A patient undergoing surgery signs an informed consent for the procedure. Which of the following principles of health care ethics does informed consent protect? A. autonomy B. role fidelity C. confidentiality D. non-maleficence E. veracity Informed consent is vital to preserving a health care consumer’s autonomy. Role fidelity refers to a health care practitioner being true to his role. Confidentiality involves keeping the patient information private. Non-maleficence, as paraphrased from the Hippocratic oath, means the duty to “do no harm.” Veracity is telling the truth. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 23. A patient who was injured in a fall in a health care facility due to the negligence of the nurse is filing a medical malpractice lawsuit. Which ethical principle applies in this situation? A. autonomy B. role fidelity C. veracity D. justice E. beneficence Compensatory justice, a concept that applies to medical malpractice lawsuits, refers to an individual’s right to seek monetary compensation in the form of damages for a wrong done. Autonomy is self-determination, role fidelity refers to a health care practitioner being true to his or her role, veracity is truth-telling, and beneficence is the act of helping people stay healthy. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 24. In health care practices, ethics and laws often interconnect with risk management measures. Which of the following accurately describes one of these concepts? A. Ethics is the expression of values in social rules. B. Law is described as a “choose to” activity. C. Risk management is a mandatory practice. D. Risk management involves choices to reduce potential liability. E. Ethics involve mandatory practices. Ethics and laws often interconnect. A third element interconnecting with ethics and the law in health care is risk management—taking steps to minimize danger, hazard, and liability. Risk management is an important concept in the prevention of medical lawsuits and is a “choose to” activity. Law is the expression of values in social rules and is a “have to” component. Ethics is the identification of values, or what ought to be. ABHES: 4.e. Perform risk management procedures Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 25. An X-ray technician witnesses a nurse diagnosing a medical problem for a patient. Which of the seven principles of health care ethics has this nurse violated? A. justice B. non-maleficence C. role fidelity D. veracity E. beneficence All health care practitioners have a specific scope of practice for which they are licensed, certified, or registered, and from which the law says they may not deviate. In addition to the laws that affect scope of practice, it is a basic ethical principle that a practitioner must be true to (have fidelity) to his or her role. Justice refers to what is due an individual. Nonmaleficence means doing no harm to the patient. Veracity is truth-telling. Beneficence is helping people stay healthy. ABHES: 4.f. Comply with federal, state, and local health laws and regulations as they relate to healthcare settings Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 26. A doctor prescribes a placebo for a patient who he feels is complaining of pain that is not there. This is an example of a violation of what principle of health care ethics? A. justice B. veracity C. role fidelity D. beneficence E. autonomy Veracity or truth-telling has always had an ambiguous place in the health care practitioner’s world. Because medical providers want to do what is best for the patient, they may not always tell the whole truth, as is the case in this example. Justice refers to what is due an individual. Role fidelity is being faithful to the health care role, and beneficence means helping people stay healthy. Autonomy is self-determination. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: X.A.1. Apply ethical behaviors, including honesty/integrity in performance of medical assisting practice Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 27. A nurse caring for older adults in a nursing home has a paternalistic view about telling patients the truth about their conditions. Which of the following best describes the practice of paternalism? A. thinking that “I know what is best for the patient” B. being a strong patient advocate C. acting like a parent to the patient D. forcing patients to do things against their will E. providing patients with a number of options Some medical providers take a paternalistic view about truth-telling, determining that what the patient doesn’t know won’t hurt them. This practice does not always involve advocacy (acting in a patient’s best interest) and is not always acting like a parent to a child. Forcing patients to do things against their will is a form of bullying or abuse. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 28. A lab technician is speaking loudly about the reason a patient is having a blood test outside the patient’s door. What principle of health care ethics has the tech violated? A. justice B. veracity C. confidentiality D. role fidelity E. beneficence Health care practitioners mindful of protecting privacy and confidentiality do not conduct conversations about patients in the hospital hallway, in the medical office break room, or with an acquaintance on the street or in any other public place. Justice refers to what is due an individual, veracity refers to truth-telling, and role fidelity is being faithful to the health care role. ABHES: 4.b. Institute federal and state guidelines when releasing medical records or information Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: IX.C.2. Explore issue of confidentiality as it applies to the medical assistant Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 29. A physician is caring for an indigent 37-year-old male patient with no health insurance, who is admitted to the hospital with acute pancreatitis related to alcohol abuse. The administrator questions whether this patient is entitled to health care because he did not take responsibility for his actions leading to this condition and he has no health insurance plan. What is the ethical principle guiding the physician’s actions? A. non-maleficence B. veracity C. justice D. confidentiality E. role fidelity Justice is defined as what is due to an individual. However, there is a debate over whether the distribution of scarce resources and the expense of providing them should allow us to provide all care for all patients. Others argue that people must take responsibility for their actions, such as not abusing alcohol, before assuming they can have justice. Non-maleficence refers to doing no harm, veracity is truth-telling, and confidentiality involves protection of privacy and confidentiality for patients. Role fidelity is being faithful to your scope of practice as a practitioner. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Understand CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 2 Medium Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics 30. What is the unique focus of health care providers that challenges them to make sound ethical decisions? A. the administration of medications B. the performance of medical procedures C. the offering of health care to all D. the allocation of scarce resources E. the health and well-being of the patient Health care ethics are drawn from the same pool of basic ethical principles that might be listed for any profession, but the nature of health care provides a unique focus. Primarily because a person’s health is paramount to his or her living a successful and satisfying life, health care practitioners are routinely challenged to make sound decisions—concerning not only the appropriate medical care for each patient’s condition but also the patient’s future health and well-being, and sometimes the health and well-being of the patient’s family. Administering medications, performing medical procedures and allocating resources are integral parts of the decision-making process but the health of the patient is the main focus. Providers sometimes do have to allocate care and may not be able to provide care to all. ABHES: none Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s: Analyze CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 3 Hard Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics Short Answer Questions 31. The need for a person to develop a sense of self-worth is part of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Which need is it? Esteem. The need for esteem, where status, responsibility, and recognition are important. ABHES: none Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 32. In Jean Piaget’s stages of development, in what age range is a child in the egocentric stage? Ages 2 to 7. During this time period, the child views the world from his or her own perspective. ABHES: none Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.01 Topic: Value development theories 33. This value choices theory states that decisions should be made by determining what will produce the best outcome. Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a consequence-oriented theory. ABHES: none Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 34. This theory focuses on the essential rightness or wrongness of an act, not the consequence of the act. Duty-oriented theory. Duty-oriented theory states the rightness or wrongness of an act. ABHES: none Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: X.A.2. Examine the impact personal ethics and morals may have on the individual’s practice Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.02 Topic: Value choices theories 35. An act performed by a health care practitioner to help a patient stay healthy or recover from illness is which principle of health care ethics? Beneficence. Beneficence is defined as acts of charity and mercy, but it means more for health care workers. Beneficence is acts performed by a health care practitioner to help people stay healthy or recover from illness. ABHES: none Bloom’s: Remember CAAHEP: none Difficulty: 1 Easy Est Time: 0-1 minute Learning Outcome: 02.03 Topic: The seven principles of health care ethics