Fundamentals Of Biochemistry: Life At The Molecular Level, 4th Edition Test Bank

Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition Voet Test Bank Full Download: https://testbanklive.com/download/fundamentals-of-biochemistry-4th-edition-voet-test-bank/ Chapter 3: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information Matching A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I) J) K) L) M) diploid phosphodiester probe pyrimidine introns cloning transformed exons ampicillin autoradiography chain-terminator purine ester 1. Cytosine, uracil, and thymine are derivatives of ______. Ans: D Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 2. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that are linked by ______ linkages. Ans: B Section 3.2.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 3. Organisms composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes are called ______ organisms. Ans: A Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 4. Eukaryotic genes often contain regions that are transcribed and later excised from the RNA, called ______. Ans: E Section 3.5.D Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 1 Full download all chapters instantly please go to Solutions Manual, Test Bank site: TestBankLive.com 5. Experiments by Avery and colleagues proved that DNA was the substance that _____ a nonpathogenic pneumococcus strain into a virulent strain. Ans: G Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 6. The method that Sanger developed for DNA sequencing using dideoxy nucleotides is called the ______ method. Ans: K Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 7. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are used in ______. Ans: F Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 8. Certain plasmids contain genes that confer resistance to ______. Ans: I Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 9. A small fragment of labeled DNA or RNA used in a hybridization experiment is called a ______. Ans: C Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 10. After hybridization, the fragment of interest can be detected by ______. Ans: J Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 2 Multiple Choice 11. Nucleotides play a central role in living organisms because A) they mediate transport of energy within the cell. B) they are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. C) they are involved in intracellular signaling. D) they function as building blocks for nucleic acids. E) all of the above Ans: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 12. Which of the following statements about nucleotides is false? A) Nucleotides mediate transport of energy within the cell. B) Nucleotides are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. C) Nucleotides store genetic information. D) Nucleotides are involved in biosynthetic reactions. E) none of the above Ans: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 13. What group is attached to the pyrimidine ring in thymine and is not present in uracil? A) ribose B) —CH3 C) —NH2 D) deoxyribose E) none of the above Ans: B Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 3 14. The molecule shown in the diagram is a A) purine. B) dinucleotide. C) nucleoside. D) nucleotide. E) none of the above Ans: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 4 15. What is the name of the molecule shown in the diagram? A) adenosine B) cytosine C) cytidine D) cytidine monophosphate E) uridine Ans: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 16. Nucleotides contain one or more phosphate groups that are usually attached to the: A) C3 or C5 atoms B) C3 or C3 atoms C) C5 or N3 atoms D) C1 or N3 atoms E) none of the above Ans: A Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 5 17. ‘AMP’ is used to refer to A) adenosine. B) adenylic acid. C) adenomethyl purine. D) adenine. E) all of the above Answer: B Section 3.1 Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleotides 18. Inside our cells, free nucleotides are almost always associated with ______. A) proteins B) cholesterol C) Cl− counterions D) fatty acids E) Mg2+ counterions Answer: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 19. Humans typically recycle approximately _____ of ATP each day. A) 50 kg B) 50 mg C) 50 g D) 50 g E) 500 kg Answer: A Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 6 20. Nucleoside triphosphates are useful for energy transfer because the phosphoanhydride bonds are relatively ______. A) stable B) high energy C) biocompatible D) large E) low energy Answer: B Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 21. Nucleoside triphosphates carry energy in the form of A) glycosidic bonds B) phosphoester bonds C) phosphoanhydride bonds D) hydrogen bonds E) amide linkages Answer: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleotides 22. The major carrier of energy in the cell is: A) adenosine monophosphate B) adenosine diphosphate C) adenosine triphosphate D) adenosine tetraphosphate E) flavin adenine dinucleotide Answer: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 7 23. Which of the following nucleotides contain energy rich bonds? A) ATP B) TTP C) GTP D) CTP E) all of the above Answer: E Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 24. Which of the following molecules does not contain an energy rich phosphoanhydride bond? A) ADP B) GDP C) AMP D) CDP E) all of the above Answer: C Section 3.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleotides 25. By convention, the sequence of nucleotide residues in a nucleic acid is written ___________ starting with the ____ end. A) left to right; 3 B) right to left; 3 C) left to right; 5 D) right to left; 3 E) top to bottom; 3 Answer: C Section 3.2.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 8 26. Chargaff’s rules state that: A) The amount of guanine plus cytosine in mammalian genomes varies from about 39 to 46%. B) DNA is always double stranded and RNA is always single stranded. C) DNA contains two grooves, a major groove and a minor groove. D) In DNA the number of adenine residues is identical to the number of thymine residues and the number of guanine residues is identical to the number of cytosine residues. E) DNA contains two strands that run in opposite directions. Answer: D Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 27. Which of the following bases pairs with guanine? Answer: E Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 9 28. The Watson and Crick model of a double-helical structure for DNA was based, in part, on evidence from A) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. B) IR (infrared) spectroscopy. C) atomic force microscopy. D) electron microscopy. E) X-ray diffraction . Answer: E Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 29. Knowledge about the tautomeric forms of the bases of nucleic acids is needed A) to understand H-bonding between the complementary bases B) to understand how the bases are linked to ribose. C) to understand how bases are linked to deoxyribose. D) to understand the ability of nucleotides to act as energy carriers. E) to distinguish the 5’-end of a DNA strand from the 3’-end. Answer: A Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 30. Nucleotides in a DNA molecule are linked together through A) glycosidic bonds. B) amide linkages. C) hydrogen bonds. D) phosphoanhydride bonds. E) phosphodiester bonds. Answer: E Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 10 31. A double stranded DNA fragment contains 12% adenine residues. Calculate the percentage cytosine residues. A) 12% B) 24% C) 38% D) 50% E) 78% Answer: C Section 3.2.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 32. Which of the following bases is not present in RNA? Answer: D Section 3.2.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 11 33. RNA occurs primarily as single stranded molecules that can give rise to _______ structures. A) diploid B) stem-loop C) parallel D) tautomeric E) haploid Answer: B Section 3.2.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 34. In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty did experiments with Diplococcus pneumoniae that proved that A) DNA is double stranded. B) DNA contains deoxyribose. C) DNA can be transcribed into RNA. D) DNA can permanently transform a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogenic strain. E) The structure of DNA provides a mechanism for reliable replication. Answer: D Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 35. In living organisms, genetic information is most often stored in the form of A) ribonucleic acid. B) deoxyribonucleic acid. C) proteins. D) enzymes. E) deoxynucleotides. Answer: B Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 12 36. It is impossible for RNA to store genetic information, because A) RNA does not base pair and therefore cannot be replicated. B) enzymes cannot process genetic information in the form of RNA. C) RNA forms complex folded structures. D) RNA is very unstable. E) None of the above answers is correct; RNA can store genetic information. Answer: E Section 3.3.A Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 37. Genomic DNA is ______, resulting in the production of _________. A) transcribed; mRNA B) translated; tRNA C) transcribed; protein D) translated; protein E) translated; rRNA Answer: A Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 38. Which of the following nucleic acids provides the key to decoding genetic information? A) tRNA B) rRNA C) mRNA D) DNA E) None of the above Answer: A Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 13 39. Which diagram depicts correctly a ribosome engaged in translation? A.) a B.) b C.) c D.) d Answer: A Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 40. Transfer RNA molecules are involved in A) transcription. B) translation. C) replication. D) reverse transcription. E) posttranslational processing. Answer: B Section 3.3.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 14 41. Which of the following DNA sequences is considered palindromic? A) AAGCTT B) GAACTT C) GAACAA D) AAGCAA E) AAGTTC Ans: A Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 42. Which of the following DNA sequences (in which N is any nucleic acid residue) is palindromic? A) ANAGCTT B) AANGCTT C) AAGNCTT D) AAGCNTT E) AAGCTNT Ans: C Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 43. Double stranded DNA molecules can be cleaved at specific recognition sites by A) RNA polymerase. B) DNA ligase. C) DNA polymerase. D) reverse transcriptase. E) Type II restriction endonucleases. Answer: E Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 15 44. Which of the restriction enzymes listed in the table below produces blunt-end fragments? Enzyme Cleavage site AluI HindIII BamHI EcoRI BglII AG CT A AGCTT G GATCC G AATTC A GATCA A) AluI B) BamHI C) BglII D) EcoRI E) HindIII Answer: A Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 45. Which of the enzymes listed in the table below produce identical sticky ends? Enzyme Cleavage site AluI HindIII BamHI EcoRI BglII AG CT A AGCTT G GATCC G AATTC A GATCA A) AluI and HindIII B) AluI and BamHI C) HindIII and EcoRI D) HindIII and BglII E) BamHI and BglII Answer: E Section 3.4.A Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 16 46. Gel electrophoresis generally separates nucleic acids on the basis of A) shape. B) sequence. C) size. D) charge-density. E) none of the above Ans: C Section 3.4.B Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 47. DNA sequencing using the Sanger method requires A) template, primer, DNA polymerase, mRNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs. B) template, primer, DNA polymerase, dNTPs, ddNTPs. C) template, primer, DNA polymerase, rRNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs. D) template, primer, DNA polymerase, mRNA, dNTPs. E) none of the above Ans: B Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 48. In Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing, DNA polymerase I is used to add nucleotides to the ___ end of the growing polynucleotide chain. A) sticky B) blunt C) 3 D) 5 E) dideoxy nucleotide containing Answer: C Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 17 49. DNA sequencing by the chain-termination method utilizes DNA polymerase I to make a complementary copy of the target or template DNA molecule. A reaction with a 20 bp template and dideoxyadenosine nucleotides as terminators results in the production of a 5 bp fragment. Based on this result, we can conclude that the template contains A) a cytosine at position 5. B) a thymine at position 5. C) a cytosine at position 16. D) a thymine at position 16. E) a uracil at position 5. Answer: D Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 50. DNA fragments are usually inserted into a plasmid vector and cloned before they are analyzed by chain termination sequencing because A) DNA fragments need to be pure in order to obtain an unambiguous sequence. B) a large number of identical fragments is needed in a sequencing reaction in order to generate detectable amounts of products. C) plasmid vectors have known sequences that can be used for design and annealing of the primer oligonucleotides, which are used to initiate the sequencing reaction. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D Section 3.4.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 51. Which of the following conclusions about the human genome is (are) true? A) Only about 80% of the human genome is transcribed to RNA. B) Only about 1-2% of the human genome codes for proteins. C) Most of the proteins found in humans are also found in many other animals. D) Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences. E) All of the above. Ans: E Section 3.4.D Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 18 52. Which of the following conclusions about the human genome is false? A) Only about 80% of the genome is transcribed to RNA. B) Most of the proteins found in humans are unique to vertebrates. C) Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences. D) The genomes of any two people are likely to be 99.9% identical E) None of the above Ans: B Section 3.4.D Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 53. Alterations in genetic information can be caused by A) mistakes made during replication. B) faulty recombination. C) transposition of genes. D) damage caused by chemicals or radiation. E) all of the above Ans: E Section 3.4.E Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 54. Alterations in genetic information cannot be caused by A) mistakes made during replication B) faulty recombination. C) transposition of genes. D) mistakes made during translation. E) all of the above Ans: D Section 3.4.E Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 19 55. Mutations leading to changes that can be inherited by the next generation have to be introduced into at the _______ level. A) DNA B) rRNA C) protein D) mRNA E) tRNA Answer: A Section 3.4.E Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Nucleic Acid Sequencing 56. The production of multiple identical organisms from a single ancestor is called ________. A) DNA ligation B) phenotyping C) cloning D) transcription E) sequencing Answer: C Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 57. Small circular DNA molecules used to carry foreign DNA fragments are called ________. A) mRNAs B) bacteriophage C) clones D) plasmids E) nucleotides Answer: D Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 20 58. In molecular cloning, transformed organisms must be identified. One common method for accomplishing this involves the inclusion of ________ in the plasmid. A) a restriction site B) a nuclease gene C) a deletion D) an origin of replication E) an antibiotic resistance gene Answer: E Section 3.5.A Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 59. A genomic library A) is a collection of protein structures from a specific organism. B) is a collection of cloned DNA fragments representing all of an organism’s DNA. C) contains only protein-coding DNA sequences. D) is best constructed from very short DNA fragments. E) is built from mRNA by reverse transcription. Answer: B Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 60. Radioactively labeled, single-stranded oligonucleotides are often used in in situ hybridization. Which of the probes listed below would work best, when probing for a RNA molecule containing the sequence 5-AGCTAACGGG-3? A) 5-AGCTAACGGG-3 B) 5-GGGCAATCGA-3 C) 5-CCCGTTAGCT-3 D) 5-TCGATTGCCC-3 E) all of the above Answer: C Section 3.5.B Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 21 61. In order to perform PCR, which of the following describes the reagents that must be included in the reaction mixture? A) DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, DNA polymerase B) DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, ddNTPS, DNA polymerase C) DNA fragment, one primer, dNTPs, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase D) DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, DNA Ligase E) none of the above Ans: A Section 3.5.C Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 62. Which of the following statements about PCR is (are) true? A) Small amounts of DNA can be easily amplified to millions of copies. B) PCR is often used in forensics laboratories. C) PCR reaction products can be used in molecular cloning. D) PCR is used in clinical laboratories. E) All of the above. Ans: E Section 3.5.C Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 63. DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used in PCR because A) it is a soluble protein. B) the genes from Thermus aquaticus are readily distinguished from those of ‘normal’ organisms. C) the enzyme is readily deactivated by heat, effectively halting the reaction. D) it is stable at high temperatures. E) it is not infectious. Answer: D Section 3.5.C Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 22 64. A gene knockout is A) a gene that has been inactivated or removed from an organism. B) a dominant gene that knocks-out expression of other genes. C) a gene inserted in place of another gene. D) a gene present on a YAC. E) none of the above Ans: A Section 3.5.D Difficulty: Moderate Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 65. Recombinant DNA technology can be used for A) constructing mutant proteins. B) the industrial production of useful proteins. C) producing transgenic organisms. D) correcting genetic defects. E) all of the above Answer: E Section 3.5.D Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: Manipulating DNA 23 Short Answer 66. This is the structure of adenine. a. Is adenine a purine or a pyrimidine? b. Which base does adenine base-pair (H-bond) with in DNA? c. What is the name of the molecule that is composed of adenine linked to the C1’ of ribose? d. Indicate on the drawing through which atom adenine is connected to ribose or deoxyribose. e. Indicate on the drawing which groups on adenine are involved in base-pairing or H-bonding with its complementary base. Ans: a. purine b. thymine c. adenosine d. see diagram e. see diagram Level of Difficulty: Difficult Section 3.2 Learning objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 24 67. This is the structure of cytosine. a. What are the names of the other three bases that are found in DNA. b. Is cytosine a purine or a pyrimidine? c. Give the name and the one letter abbreviation of the base cytosine base-pairs (H-bonds) with in DNA? d. Indicate on the drawing through which atom cytosine is connected to ribose or deoxyribose. e. What is the name of the molecule composed of cytosine linked to ribose? f. Indicate on the drawing which groups on cytosine are involved in base-pairing (H-bonding) with its complementary base. Ans: a. adenine, guanine, and thymine b. pyrimidine c. guanine, G d. cytidine e. see diagram f. see diagram Level of Difficulty: Difficult Section 3.2 Learning objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 25 68. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule by listing 6 characteristics. Ans: 1. DNA forms a double helix 2. the two strands run anti-parallel 3. the sugar is deoxyribose 4. the sugar-phosphate groups are on the outside of the helix 5. the bases are in the center of the helix 6. the bases are planar and their plane is orientated perpendicular to the axis of the helix 6. there are four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine 7. The strands are held together by H-bonding between complementary bases: AdenineThymine and Guanine-Cytosine 8. The helix has a minor and a major groove on its surface. Level of Difficulty: Difficult Section 3.2 Learning objective: Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure 69. Describe the central dogma of molecular biology (to do this draw a diagram of the central dogma and describe all the arrows). Ans: Level of Difficulty: Difficult Section 3.3B Learning objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 26 Fundamentals of Biochemistry 4th Edition Voet Test Bank Full Download: https://testbanklive.com/download/fundamentals-of-biochemistry-4th-edition-voet-test-bank/ 70. There are three types of RNA that are directly involved in translation. a. Name these three types of RNA b. Briefly describe the function of each of these types of RNA. Ans: a. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. b. mRNA moves genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNA decodes the genetic message, it matches sequences of three nucleotides to amino acids. rRNA is involved in the catalysis of amide bond formation. Level of Difficulty: Difficult Section 3.3B Learning objective: Overview of Nucleic Acid Function 27 Full download all chapters instantly please go to Solutions Manual, Test Bank site: TestBankLive.com